Background and effects The Mongols Background and effects

Chronology of the Mongol Empire Background Chronology of the Mongol Empire 1206-1227 Reign of Chinggis Khan 1211-1234 Conquest of northern China 1219-1221 Conquest of Persia 1237-1241 Conquest of Russia 1258 Capture of Baghdad 1264-1279 Conquest of southern China

Mongolian Conquests First Period - 1206 Modern Territory Ruled: Mongolia. Parts of China and Russia

Mongolian Conquests Second Period 1206 - 1219 Modern Territory Ruled: Mongolia. Parts of China, Russia, and Kazakhstan

Mongolian Conquests Third Period 1219 - 1223 Modern Territory Ruled: Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Parts of China, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan

Mongolian Conquests Fourth Period 1223 – 1227 Death of Chinggis Khan Modern Territory Ruled: Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Parts of China, Russia, Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and India.

Mongolian Conquests Fifth Period 1227 - 1237 Modern Territory Ruled: Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Parts of China, Russia, Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, India, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.

Mongolian Conquests Sixth Period 1237 - 1259 Modern Territory Ruled: Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Korea, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. Parts of China, Russia, Pakistan, India, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, and Romania.

The Mongols and the Eurasian Empire Built ??? Stretching from ??? To ??? 13.8 million square miles ??? People under Mongol rule

The Mongol Empire at its height

Who were the Mongols? From ??? Nomadic peoples United under ???? (or Chinggis Khan) “Courage Culture” – WHAT IS THIS?

Inner Eurasia Steppe Outer Eurasia

How would you characterize this region? The Steppe How would you characterize this region?

Temujin Born ??? Fatherless Master of ???? Courage in battle, making ???, threats of ???, deception, trickery, and clan ???

Temujin Warlike and merciless “Man’s greatest joy is in victory: to conquer one’s enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of their possessions, to make their beloved weep, to ride on their horses, and to embrace their wives and daughters…” Warlike and merciless Fighting wasn’t enough – only winning was important 1206 CE – made “Chinggis Khan” or ???

Mongol Art of War Large, mobile ??? Expert ??? Use of ??? All soldiers ??? Battle tactics – used ??? A “ger” or “yurt”

Mongol Art of War “Cutting Edge Weapons” Accurate and powerful ??? Highly protective ??? Use of ???

Psychological Warfare Mongols would slaughter the inhabitants of a few cities. WHY??? A Persian Observer from the 13th century: “In one stroke, a world which billowed with fertility was laid desolate, and the regions thereof became a desert, and the greater part of the living and their skin and bones crumbling in the dust; and the mighty were humbled and immersed in the calamities of perdition…” Historian John Fairbank: “By putting cities to the sword, they let terror run ahead of them.”

Background After the death of Chinggis Khan, problems with??? Led to ???

Effects of Mongol Rule Effects on Eurasia Pax Mongolia – under the Mongols there was: Unprecedented ??? Widespread exchange of ??? Widespread ??? Mongols were ??? Stable government based on ?? Establishment of ??? (Yasa) Religious ???

Mongol Effects on Eurasia Black Plague Mongols used ??? As ??? At the Battle of Kalla Spread disease to Western Europe How???

BUT the Mongols did not produce: Any technological breakthroughs A new religion Many written books Any permanent structures (other than bridges) Any architectural achievements

Mongol Effects on Europe Western Europe Mongols turned away from ??? Which means ??? W.E. gains due to ??? Strong relationship between ??? Led to??? Increased trade (Where?) led to spread of ???

Mongol Effects on Europe Eastern Europe Mongols defeated ??? Because ??? Eastern Europe was ??? So…???

Mongol Effects on Europe Russia Mongol defeat of ??? In 1224 puts Russian people under Mongol rule Most cities ???, rest had to ??? Local Russian rulers were ??? Few ??? In Russia. WHY???

Mongol Effects on Europe Rise of Muscovy (Moscow) Mongol destruction of ??? Leads to ??? Moscow becomes ??? Ivan III defeats the Mongols in 1480, Mongol rule over Russia ends Mongol rule limited ??? Leads to: ???

Mongol Effects on Japan and Korea Mongols fail to conquer Japan Tried to ??? Mongol rule – little to no effect on Japan Korea – Mongols defeated the Koryo dynasty Economy and ??? Suffered. WHY?? Ruling family ??? But Mongols ???

Mongol Effects on SE Asia Mongols conquered ??? And Laos but ??? Failed to conquer Vietnam – WHY??? Mongols encouraged Chinese merchants to ??? – WHY??? Vietnam defeats Mongols

Mongol Effects on SW Asia Muslim societies of SW Asia had ??? Baghdad ?? And Abbasid Empire ??? Mongols controlled Islamic world from ??? To ??? What ISLAMIC areas remained outside of Mongol control? Mongol rule allowed ??? Culture after ???

Mongol Effects on China Mongols defeat ??? And establish the Yuan Dynasty Abolished ??? WHY??? But continued ??? Promoted trade and commerce – Led to ??? Encouraged the movement of ??? Supported ??? How?? But….????

Cultural Effects of the Yuan Dynasty Protected Mongol identity Forbidding Mongols to ??? Chinese were forbidden ??? Mongols did not accept ??? Opted instead to ??? – Led to?? Religious toleration encouraged

Social Effects of the Yuan Dynasty New Social Hierarchy – based on ???, put ??? At the bottom Han Chinese were ??? But….??? Women – were expected to ???, rejected ???

Marco Polo en route to China Kublai Khan How does this look sinicized? Grandson of ??? Well-educated Preferred ??? – Not ??? Extends ??? To Beijing Wanted to appear more ??? Chinese and foreign advisors – like ??? In private ??? Marco Polo en route to China

Fall of the Yuan Dynasty Shortest-lived of the major Chinese Dynasties (1264CE to 1368 CE) Decline caused by: Series of weak rulers Lack of cohesion due to ??? Chinese never ??? High ??? ???

Fall of the Yuan Dynasty Overthrown by Zhu Yuanzhang (When???) Buddhist monk Establishes ???