The New Monarchs 15th Century

Characteristics of the New Monarchies They offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order. They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power  all should accept this without resistance. They enlisted the support of the middle class in the towns  tired of the local power of feudal nobles. They would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized & their finances into reliable order. They would break down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or “common” law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched. The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties  What pleases the prince has the force of law

The New Monarch made use of Roman law They incorporated the will and welfare of the people They enlisted the support of the merchants and middle class They went a long ways in establishing European Nation-States

-The Inventions of Gunpowder , the pike and longbow made it possible for Kings to be less dependent on Knights on horseback -Now, Kings could hire mercenaries to supplement their armies. They did not have to give concessions to the powerful nobles.

England  stability under the Tudors France  consolidation of power. Spain  unification by marriage. HR Empire  different model: the cost of decentralization.

After the Hundred Years War, England was troubled by the War of the Roses 1455-1487 The War was over different families wanting to take the throne One was the House of Lancaster, and the other York. Both had legitimate claims to the throne

England: Civil War and a New Monarchy The House of Lancaster (red rose) verses the House of York (white rose) Many aristocratic families brought into conflict Henry Tudor, Duke of Richmond, defeated the last Yorkish king, Richard III, and established the new Tudor dynasty

The Tudors of England

England: Civil War and a New Monarchy The first Tudor King, Henry VII reduced dissension and established strong monarchy Abolished private armies of the aristocrats Special commissions to trusted nobles raised armies for special campaigns then were disbanded Established the Court of Star Chamber which did not use juries and permitted torture to extract confessions, but he held ultimate authority

Henry VII finally gained power Henry VII finally gained power. He married Elizabeth of York, and the houses were united

England: Civil War and a New Monarchy Henry VII managed the monarchy well Extracted resources from traditional sources Use diplomacy to avoid wars Kept taxes low Henry’s policies left England with stable, prosperous government and gained status for the monarchy itself

Over time, the Star Chamber became a symbol of absolute authority

Henry VII always felt uneasy about his claim to the throne His son, Henry VIII, knew that it was necessary that he, too, have a son to prevent civil war

This is why his son, Henry VIII, would end up with six wives, in his effort to gain a son—something we will learn about shortly

France in the 15c – 16c

The Valois Dynasty The Valois dynasty which ruled France during the 14th 15th Centuries The Hundred Years’ War allowed this dynasty to establish its power, consolidated during the reign of Philip IV (1285-1314)

The Growth of the French Monarchy The Hundred Years War had left France prostrate Depopulation, desolate farmlands, ruined commerce, unruly nobles, etc. The war also engendered a sense of loyalty--the understanding of a common enemy The war permitted strengthening the king’s authority Charles VII was able to secure permission for a royal army from the Estates-General

The Growth of the French Monarchy King Charles VII… The Estates-General also permitted a taille, annual tax—usually from land or other property Ensured certain amount of power King Louis XI (1461-1483), (known as “the spider” for his wily ways) With force, cunning, and diplomacy, he brought order to France

Louis XI Son of Charles VII King 1461 – 1483 As a young man he spent much of his time organising a series of rebellions against his father, Charles VII one of the most effective kings of France Louis XI

The Reign of Louis XI 1461 – 1483 unpopular man, ruthless & efficient ruler Brought the Church, nobles & merchants to heel Smashed the Dukes of Burgundy Left a strong, united, nationalistic France that possessed a strong central government

He subdued the nobles and made their territories part of France

When Cardinal Balue defied Louis, he was sentenced to live in a cage

Charles VIII (1470-1498) 1491 was on throne under a regency 1494 invaded Italy & briefly occupied Naples Driven out through a strenuous Italian effort France attempted to invade Italy in the next half century

France by 1500 Had become a strong nation. Flourishing economy staffed by noble & middle class bureaucrats

Iberian Peninsula: Spain & Portugal

Reminder: Spain conquered by Muslim Invaders In the early 700’s AD Muslim invaders called Moors- from North Africa

Reconquista Almost immediately, Christian kings began taking back territory in the Iberian Peninsula.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

The Unification of Spain After the conquest of the Iberian Penisnsula from the Muslims, the peninsula was divided into several smaller states, the largest which was Aragon and Castile Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were married in a dynastic (not political) union The two states maintained their own parliaments

1469 Marriage of King Ferdinand (Aragon) & Queen Isabella (Castile) http://www.google.com.au/imgres?q=Isabella+%26+Ferdinand&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&rlz=1W1GGHP_en-GBAU429&biw=1045&bih=641&tbm=isch&tbnid=Hs8ZC_AomUhvpM:&imgrefurl=http://ann-lauren.blogspot.com/2009/04/15-16th-cent-isabella-i-queen-of.html&docid=q0QTGfBL4FOpRM&imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_hjD61YU8VYs/S8L8aTddFBI/AAAAAAAAZTg/pFg65nhQ6Vs/s320/Isabella%252Band%252BFerdinand%252Breceiving%252BChristopher%252BColumbus.jpg&w=320&h=246&ei=t-UtT7usBoe0iQfn7_jBDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=659&vpy=247&dur=3420&hovh=196&hovw=256&tx=140&ty=133&sig=116949402444030140931&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=183&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:0 http://www.google.com.au/imgres?q=Isabella+%26+Ferdinand&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&rlz=1W1GGHP_en-GBAU429&biw=1366&bih=641&tbm=isch&tbnid=un9zTgyO_sU6eM:&imgrefurl=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March/Jews-Banished-From-Spain-During-Spanish-Inquisition.html&docid=jIpkVqv00euTwM&imgurl=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/docroot/dulcinea/fd_images/news/on-this-day/March/Jews-Banished-From-Spain-During-Spanish-Inquisition/news/0/image.jpg&w=195&h=250&ei=sOYtT5S7De2yiQf06u3JDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=494&vpy=406&dur=1750&hovh=158&hovw=123&tx=84&ty=76&sig=116949402444030140931&page=2&tbnh=143&tbnw=112&start=21&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:21

The Unification of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella worked to build a strong central government for both states They reorganized the military and created and built the best army in Europe by the 16th century They achieved permission from the pope to select the most important church officials They realized the importance of the Church’s power

War against the Moors Between 1482 and 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand waged the Granada War to conquer all of Spain and unite it as one Christian kingdom In 1492, they succeeded in defeating the last Moorish King, Boabdil

The Unification of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella received permission to institute the Inquisition in Spain Converts were effected, but not Jews or Muslims Thus, they expelled all Jew and Muslims The two “Most Catholic” monarchs had achieved absolute religious orthodoxy—to be Spanish was to be Catholic Uniformity policy was enforced by the Inquisition

Paying for the war The Granada War was very expensive (it lasted 10 years) Much of it was paid for by confiscating the property of Spanish Jews

Jews in Spain Jews in Spain held considerable power Jews in the courts of all the kings of Spain and Portugal In fact, Ferdinand and Isabella’s marriage was arranged by a mutual Jewish friend. Many early bankers were Jewish because Christians were prohibited from usury (charging interest on loans). But banks are critical, without them businesses can’t get started. These same bankers helped finance the war against the Moors

Their goal was to create a “Pure Catholic” Spain A Spain without Jews or Muslims

Proving a lapse of faith Any traditionally “Jewish” rituals or behaviors could be considered a lapse of faith. Examples: not eating pork Not working Friday night-Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath, Christian Sabbath is Sunday) Eating traditionally Jewish food (Kosher)

The Spanish Inquisition

Who Led the Inquisition Torquemada, the Grand Inquisitor

Inquisition methods Under Torquemada, the Grand Inquisitor, the Inquisition sought to find these heretics To get these heretics to confess, inquisitors would employ threats and torture Thousands were tortured, imprisoned for life and/or burned at the stake in auto de fe (Act of Faith)

Holy Roman Empire Germanic peoples Ecclesiastical city-states(Church lands), principalities, fiefs, free towns, counties, duchies Succession to role of Holy Roman Emperor was left to 7 princes/ electors (votes) States relatively stable but the empire as whole was becoming powerless

Holy Roman Empire (cont.) Boundaries shifted according to marriages, war, inheritance No Papal authority in the Empire Arms manufacturer of the world Big commercial centre: agric., mineral ores, industrial Ports- north, west Eventually replaced Italians as international bankers

The Habsburg Dynasty

The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs The Holy Roman Empire failed to develop a strong monarchy The Empire remained in the hands of the Habsburg dynasty The Habsburgs instituted dynastic marriages Through marriages, the Hapsburgs gained international power Rulers of France feared they would be surrounded by the Hapsburgs

The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs Much was expected of Maximilian I He had strong opposition from German princes Through a series of marriages and untimely deaths, Charles V, Maximilian’s grandson, became heir to the Habsburg, Burgundian, and Spanish lines, making him the leading monarch of his age

Empire of Charles V

Ferdinand and Isabella were his maternal grandparents Charles V’s mother was “Crazy Juana,” who kept her husband’s body with her for years after he died

The Emperor

Years of Genetic inbreeding produced a misshapen jaw that would be known as the Hapsburg Jaw

Charles also faced the emerging Protestant Reformation

The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe The rulers of Eastern Europe had many obstacles in the way of control Different ethnic and religious groups could not get along Much of the problem with Poland until the later 15th century revolved around disagreements between crown and the landed nobles Hungary became one of the most significant countries in Europe under King Matthias Corvinus

The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe King Mathias… Broke the power of the wealthy lords Patronized the humanist culture Brought Italian scholars and artists to his capital Since the 13th century, Russia had been under the domination of the Mongols Ivan III (1462-1505) was able to take advantage of dissention within the Mongols to through off their yoke by 1480

The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire Eastern Europe was increasingly threatened by the Ottoman Empire The Byzantine Empire had served as a buffer between the Muslim Middle East and the Latin West for centuries The Empire was weakened by the sack of Constantinople in 1204 The threat of the Ottomans finally doomed the Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire The Ottoman Turks moved quickly through the lands of the Seljuk Turks and the Byzantine Empire Bypassing Constantinople, they moved through Bulgaria and into the lands of the Serbians At the battle of Kosovo, Ottoman forces defeated the Serbs, both leaders dying in battle

The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire Battle of Kosovo (1389) became a battlefield long remembered and revered by the Serbs Not until 1480 were Bosnia, Albania, and the rest of Serbia added to the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans The Ottoman Turks completed the demise of the Byzantine Empire by defeating the army at Constantinople

The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire The Turks began to pressure the West By the end of the 15th century, they were threatening Hungary, Austria, Bohemia, and Poland The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, became their bitter enemy in the 16th century