1 Protozoa Part II Continously Lecture

2 Class Zoomastigophora Leishmania Leishmaniasis 12 million people Promastigote (above) in insect vector Amastigote in host –Parasite in a macrophage (WBC)

3 Sand Fly Vector for leishmaniasis Genus Phlebotomus

4

5 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Parasites form skin ulcers.

6 As many as 200 lesions may form causing disability and social stigma

7 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Central & South America Destroys mucous membranes of nose & mouth

8 Visceral Leishmaniasis Kala Azar Primarily occurs in Africa and Asia. Characterized by irregular fever, weight loss, swelling of spleen & liver, & anemia. Fatality can be 90% if untreated.

9

10 Subphylum Sarcodina Pseudopodia Phagocytosis

11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subphylum Sarcodina

12 Subphylum Sarcodina Amoeba proteus

13 Subphylum Sarcodina Entomoeba histolytica Amoebic dysentery Transmitted by food & water contaminated with cysts Bloody diarrhea

14

15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Freshwater Amoeba

16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Variations in Pseudopodia

17 Subphylum Sarcodina Heliozoan Found most often in freshwater video

18 Subphylum Sarcodina Foraminifera Secrete a shell of calcium carbinate Grow new chambers as organism increases in size –Foramen (opening) between chambers Shells constitute vast deposits on ocean floors

19 White Cliffs of Dover, England Foramifera deposits uplifted from ocean floor Chalk

20 Pyramids of Egypt Made of limestone from foraminera

21 Subphylum Sarcodina Foraminifera

22 Phylum Apicomplexa Apical complex –Helps in penetrating host’s cells Endoparasites Movement –Male gamete Male gametocyte Class Sporozoa –Plasmodium attacks red blood cells malaria

23 Malaria Most important parasitic disease of humans today WHO estimates that 270 million new cases occur annually with 2 million annual deaths Parasite - species of genus Plasmodium Transmitted by bite of infected mosquitoes of genus Anopheles

24

25

26 Mosquito feeds on blood of infected host & ingests gametocytes

27 Gametes unite in mosquito stomach to form oocysts in wall of stomach

28 Oocysts

29

30 Sporozoites produced in oocysts by sporogony move to salivary glands of mosquito & are injected into next host

31 Sporozoites invade liver cells and undergo schizogony to produce merozoites

32 Merozoites invade circulating RBCs

33 Each merozoite produces as many as 36 new merozoites through schizogony in RBCs

34 Merozoites rupture RBCs to invade other RBCs Simultaneous lysing of RBCs causes the sudden chills & fever typical of malaria

35 Gametocytes are produced in blood & ingested by mosquito to complete the cycle

36 Sporozoites from mosquito bite Schizogony to make merozoites Ingest gametocytes Sporozoites to liver Merozoites enter RBCsSchizogony to make merozoitesFertilization in stomachOocyst formsSporozoites by sporogonySporozoites invade salivary gland ManMosquito Merozoites become gametocytes Bites man

37 Malaria control involves: Eliminating the vectors

38 Malaria control involves: Reducing contact with the vectors

39 Malaria control involves: Administration of anti-malarial drugs

40 Phylum Cilophora Cilia for movement

41 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ciliate (Paramecium)

42 Trichocysts Released as a defense Long threadlike Release triggered by mechanical or chemical stimulation

43 Phylum Cilophora Paramecium Movie

44 Phylum Cilophora Vorticella Spiral stock attaches to substrate –Contract and extend Cilia used to sweep food into mouth (see arrow) Movie

45 Phylum Cilophora Stentor Solitary Use cilia to sweep food into mouth Movie

46 Phylum Cilophora Didinium Bands of cilia Eats Paramecium

47 Phylum Cilophora Spirostoman Up to 3 mm long

48 The End