Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century.

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Presentation transcript:

Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Prelude to Reform Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Christian Humanists Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536) “The Philosophy of Christ” The Praise of Folly (1511) Wanted reform within church Thomas More ( ) Utopia (1516) Conflict with Henry VIII

Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Corruption – pluralism Widespread desire for meaningful religious expression “Modern Devotion” Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ Always within framework of church

The Early Luther Early Life Education in law Struggle for purpose/certainty The Indulgence Controversy Jubilee (1517) Ninety-Five Theses

The Quickening Rebellion -1519: Leipzig Debate – ‘new view’ -1520: Rebellion -1521: Diet of Worms - Luther excommunicated, declared outlaw

Woodcut: Luther Versus the Pope

The Rise of Lutheranism Spread through Germany The Elector of Saxony- state support Dissent from the Humanists Change in support The Peasants’ War (1524) Thomas Müntzer Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants

Church and State Doctrinal Issues Justification by faith Transubstantiation Authority of Scripture “Priesthood of all believers” State Churches New Religious Services

Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556) Francis I of France (1515 – 1547) Habsburg – Valois Wars (1521 – 1544) Pope Clement VII (1523 – 1534) sides with Francis I Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)

Division in Europe Germany’s fragmented political power Peace of Augsburg (1555) Division of Christianity acknowledged Freedom of worship?

Map 13.1: The Empire of Charles V

The Reformation in England Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) Henry seeks to dissolve marriage Anne Boleyn (Second Wife) Elizabeth I Act of Supremacy (1534) Edward VI (1547 – 1553)

Mary I, “Bloody Mary” (1553 – 1558) Intent =restore Catholicism to England Alliance with Spain

Henry VIII, His Wife, and His Children

Wed – Feb 21

The Catholic Reformation Old and New Regeneration of religious orders Creation of new religious orders The Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola (1491 – 1556) The Spiritual Exercises Recognized as a religious order (1540) Absolute obedience to the papacy

Major objectives of Jesuits Education crucial to combating Protestantism Propagation of Catholic faith among non-Catholics

Social Impact of the Prot. Reform. The Family Marriage and sex Family relationships Women’s roles Few alternatives in Protestantism Education in the Reformation Protestant schools State education The gymnasium

A Sixteenth-Century Classroom

Map 13.2: Catholics and Protestants in Europe in 1560

A Revived Papacy Pope Paul III (1534 – 1549) Reform Commission (1535 – 1537) Recognized Jesuits Roman Inquisition (1542) Pope Paul IV (1555 – 1559) Index of Forbidden Books

The Council(s) of Trent 1545 – 1563 Moderates and conservatives Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Scripture and Tradition Faith and Good Works Sacraments

Politics/ Wars of Religion in the 16th Century The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) Huguenots (40-50%) nobility The Politiques St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (August 24, 1572) Henry IV of Navarre (1589 – 1610) Edict of Nantes (1598 )

The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism Philip II of Spain (1556 – 1598) Catholicism in Spain The Holy League Battle of Lepanto (1571)

The Revolt: The Netherlands Philip tries to strengthen his control Resentment against Philip Calvinists William of Nassau, Prince of Orange United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)

Map 13.3: The Height of Spanish Power under Philip II

Malta – A Major Battlefield in the Struggle between Islam and Christianity in the Mediterranean

The England of Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Act of Supremacy (1559) Puritans Foreign Policy Conflict with Spain The Spanish Armada (1588)

Discussion Questions How did the failings of the Catholic Church lead to the Reformation? What were Martin Luther’s complaints against the Church? What political reasons lay behind the “Wars of Religion?” How and why did Henry VIII break away from Rome? What social impact did the Reformation have? How did the Catholic Church react to the Reformation? Was it effective? What troubles did Philip II of Spain have to confront during his reign and how successful was he in dealing with them?

Web Links The Reformation Project Wittenberg – Martin Luther CCEL – John Calvin Le Poulet Gauche Tudor History BBC – The Spanish Armada History Learning Site – The Counter Reformation