Plant Form and Function

Thick structure (64 cells) Tube-like structure (64 cells) Flattened structure (64 cells) Surface area  420,000  m 2 (168 cell surfaces  2500  m 2 /cell surface) Surface area/volume  /  m Volume  8,000,000  m 3 (64 cells  125,000  m 3 /cell) Surface area  340,000  m 2 (136 cell surfaces  2500  m 2 /cell surface) Surface area/volume  /  m Volume  8,000,000  m 3 (64 cells  125,000  m 3 /cell) Surface area  240,000  m 2 (96 cell surfaces  2500  m 2 /cell surface) Surface area/volume  /  m Volume  8,000,000  m 3 (64 cells  125,000  m 3 /cell) 50  m

Root tip rootcap root hairs mucigel Root apical meristem

Stem module

dicotmonocot

Agrimony Water buttercup

Shoot apical meristem

epidermis cortex Vascular bundle Primary phloem Primary xylem Procambium pith Cross section of dicot primary stem

Vascular cambium Secondary xylem Primary phloem Secondary phloem Primary xylem

First year Secondary xylem Second year Secondary xylem

Annual ring Early wood Late wood

Secondary growth Cork cambium

phelloderm Cork cambium

cork Cork cambium phelloderm periderm

epidermis cortex

cork Cork cambium phelloderm Secondary phloem Vascular cambium Secondary xylem Primary xylem Primary phloem Mature secondary stem