Hunger and Sexual Motivation Module 38 and 39

Hunger Motivation Opposite of hunger – satiety Basic biological drive necessary for survival Influenced by cultural and psychological factors Nature vs nuture interacting with motivation

Biological Factors Influencing Hunger Influence feelings of hunger Stomach contractions Hormones Signal

Glucose Blood sugar that provides energy for bodily functions Low levels – people more likely to eat – brain perceives as not having food in awhile High levels – release of insulin – converts glucose to stored fat and removes from blood

Other Hormones Hormone Signal Area Where Hormone is Released Leptin Satiety Fat Cells PYY Digestive tract Orexin Hunger Hypothalamus Ghrelin Empty Stomach

Hunger and the Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus “on” button for hunger Ventromedial hypothalamus “off” button for hunger Paraventricular nucleus Helps regulates eating through neurotransmitters

Eating and the Environment Environmental factors Learned preferences Food-related cues Stress Culture Religion Learn food habits from our parents

Obesity 2/3 of Adult Americans are overweight 50% of them are obese Contributes to heart disease, diabetes, kidney failure, and cancer Some people inherit a predisposition to be overweight or to be too thin Set point – preset natural body weight determined by the # of fat cells in our body

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Follow starvation diets Have unrealistic body images No matter how thin still think they are fat video Bulimia Nervosa Eating binges followed by purges Obsessed with food but terrified about being fat

Sexual Motivation Module 39

Alfred Kinsey 1940s at IU Not a lot of scientific info about sex Interview people about sexual histories Founded the Institute for Sex Research – Kinsey Institute

Masters and Johnson William Masters and Virginia Johnson 1960s studied couples Sexual Response Cycle Four stages that both men and women experience during sexual arousal

Social Motivation Module 40

Achievement Motive Desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence Affiliation Motive Need to be with others Intrinsic motivation Desire to perform an activity for its own sake rather for an external reward Extrinsic motivation Desire to perform an activity to obtain a reward from outside the individual