Primary steps in plant breeding Develop a Vision Find or Create Variability (Techniques) Apply Selection Pressure Evaluate and Select (Screen) Commercialize Vision- developed from your knowledge and experiences w/ horticultural crops, plt pathology, entomology, etc… Sometimes its based on your intuition or expectations Variability- obtaining the genetic variation for the traits your interested in. Sources include modern cultivars, heirloom cultivars, wild taxa, related species, and now, with biotechnology any living organism Techniques- include traditional or classical plant reproduction such as self and cross pollination. Also includes identification of incompatibility systems or other problems w/ normal reproduction. And now can also be based in biotechnology such as with protoplast fusion or embryo rescue from wide crosses Selection pressure- the development of an evaluation environment that allows for the expression of variation in the trait of interest. You can’t breed for Pythium resistance without Pythium being present in your selection environment Evaluation/selection- involves the statistical analysis of progenies, Also includes an experimental design that allows for the detection of differences between families or individuals Commercialization- can include establishment of clean stock, bulking up, production, and intellectual property protection

General Breeding Procedure I. Producing initial variation (crossing of diverse material) II. Development, testing, and selection of potential cultivar III. Testing experimental varieties and selection and multiplication of the best

In vitro breeding methods Selection breeding methods In vitro breeding methods Plant Breeding in the 21th Century Molecular breeding methods Transgenic breeding methods

Conventional breeding methods Selection Hybridization Mutagenesis Polyploidy Heterosis

Selection breeding methods The oldest method for plant improvement Mass selection Bulk breeding method Single-seed descent Pedigree breeding

In vitro breeding Somaclonal variation Haploid and double breeding In vitro selection Somatic Hybridization Micro-propagation

Transgenic breeding Gene construct methods Transformation methods Screening methods Evaluation methods

Molecular breeding Marker techniques Quantitative trait loci Marker assisted breeding methods

Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques Selective Breeding Mutation breeding Transgenic breeding Level Precision Certainty Limits Whole organism Molecule Thousands of genes Unknown Single gene Genetic change poorly characterized Gene function well understood Between species and genera Not applicable No limitations Will walk them through this slide, stressing that GE is more precise and predictable and that GE, because it allows us access to all of nature’s diversity, can provide products we’ve only dreamed of before now.

Traditional plant breeding Traditional donor Commercial variety New variety DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once. (many genes are transferred) X = Desired Gene (crosses) Desired gene Transgenic breeding Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. Desired gene Commercial variety New variety (transfers) = (only desired gene is followed)

New tools in plant breeding No. Breeding steps New tools 1. Creating variability Somaclonal technique Protoplast fusion technique Transformation technique 2. Selection In vitro selection technique Marker development technique Double haploid technique 3. Evaluation Marker technique 4. Releasing 1. Marker technique 5. Seed production Micropropagation technique Marker technique

Outline In vitro breeding Transgenic breeding Molecular breeding Micropropagation methods Protoplast isolation and fusion methods Somaclonal variation In vitro Screening methods Transgenic breeding A. Gene construct methods B. Transformation methods C. Transgenic Plant Molecular breeding Marker development methods Marker Assisted Selection methods Marker Assisted Backcrossing methods

Seminar Topics Organogenesis Embryogenesis Protoplast isolation and fusion methods In vitro fertilization Induction of somaclonal variation In vitro screening methods Vector construction method Transformation methods Marker based Southern Blot and sequencing techniques Marker based PCR techniques Marker Assisted Selection methods

Nobel Peace Prize Laureate "Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery." Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize Laureate “Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery.” Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Norman Borlaug