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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-2 Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Direction of one’s sexual interests Heterosexual orientation Erotic attraction to and romantic preferences for members of the other gender
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-3 Sexual Orientation Homosexual orientation Erotic attraction to and romantic preference for members of the same gender Gay males Erotically attracted to, and desire romantic relationships with, other males
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-4 Sexual Orientation Lesbians Erotically attracted to, and desire romantic relationships with, other females Bisexuality Erotic attraction to, and interested in romantic relationships, with males and females
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-5 Sexual Orientation Coming to term with terms Sexual orientation and gender identity Classification of sexual orientation Heteroerotic Of an erotic nature and involving members of the other gender (continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-6 Sexual Orientation Classification of sexual orientation (continued) Homoerotic Of an erotic nature and involving members of one’s own gender
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-7 Kinsey Continuum
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-8 Sexual Orientation Kinsey Continuum (continued) About 4% of men were exclusively gay About 1%-3% of women were exclusively gay Current estimates of sexual orientation Sexual attraction preferences of Canadian men and women (continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-9 Sexual Orientation Current estimates of sexual orientation (continued) Surveys Physiological responses
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-10 Sexual Orientation Challenges to the Kinsey continuum Not universally accepted Views gay and heterosexual orientations as polar opposites
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-11 Heterosexuality and Homosexuality as Separate Dimensions HomosexualsBisexuals AsexualsHeterosexuals High LowHigh Homoeroticism Heteroeroticism Low
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-12 Sexual Orientation Fantasy as the measure Bisexuality Perspectives on gay male and lesbian sexual orientation
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-13 Perspectives on Gay Male and Lesbian Sexual Orientations Historical perspectives Judeo-Christian tradition Sodomy Canadian churches’ views
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-14 Perspectives on Gay Male and Lesbian Sexual Orientations Cross-cultural perspectives Male-male sexual interactions in societies throughout the world Behaviour, not sexual orientation female-female sexual activity
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-15 Perspectives on Gay Male and Lesbian Sexual Orientations Cross-species perspectives Displays of dominance and submissiveness Bisexual orientation among female Japanese macaques
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-16 Attitudes Toward Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Society Greater acceptance in Canadian societies of equal rights Homophobia Negative attitudes and feelings toward gay people Intolerance, hatred, fear
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-17 Attitudes Toward Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Society Gay bashing Violence against homosexuals Sexual orientation and Canadian law Decriminalization of same-sex behaviour between consenting adults (continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-18 Attitudes Toward Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Society Sexual orientation and Canadian law (continued) EGALE Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Canadian Human Rights Act
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-19 Attitudes Toward Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Society Gay activism AIDS epidemic Outing Revelation of the identities of gay people by other gay people
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-20 Attitudes Toward Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Society Stereotypes and sexual behaviour Butch Lesbian who assumes a traditional masculine gender role Femme Lesbian who assumes a traditional feminine gender role
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-21 What Determines Sexual Orientation ? Biological Perspective Evolutionary perspective Reciprocal altruism Group survival (continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-22 What Determines Sexual Orientation? Biological Perspective (continued) Genetics and sexual orientation Monozygotic (MZ) twins Identical twins Dizygotic (DZ) twins Fraternal twins (continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-23 What Determines Sexual Orientation? Biological Perspective (continued) Concordance Agreement Prenatal influences and sexual orientation Activating effects Influence level of sex drive, but not sexual orientation ( continued )
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-24 What Determines Sexual Orientation? Biological Perspective (continued) Hormonal influences Testosterone Activating effects Prenatal effects DES Birth order and sexual orientation (continued)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-25 What Determines Sexual Orientation? Biological Perspective (continued) Structure of the brain Third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-26 Social-Psychological Perspectives Psychoanalytic views Oedipus Complex Electra Complex Castration anxiety Man’s fear that his genitals will be removed Penis envy Girl’s wish to have a penis
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-27 Psychological Perspectives Learning theories Early experiences play an important role Reinforcement of early patterns of sexual behaviour
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-28 Gender Nonconformity On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine Rooted in childhood May be somewhat heritable Feeling different from an early age
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-29 Coming Out Coming out to oneself Attraction to members of the same sex Self-labeling Sexual contact Disclosure to others
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-30 Coming Out Coming out to others Family members and loved ones
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-31 Adjustment of Gay Males and Lesbians Suicide among gay males, lesbians, and bisexuals Stress of societal oppression and rejection
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-32 Sexual Orientation and Family Married lesbian and gay male couples Benefits of being married Lesbian families
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-33 Patterns of Sexual Activity Among Gay Males and Lesbians Sexual techniques Gay males Kissing, oral sex, and mutual masturbation Lesbians Kissing, manual and oral breast stimulation, manual and oral stimulation of the genitals, genital apposition
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-34 Differences in Sexual Relationships Between Gay Males and Lesbians Lifestyle differences between gay males and lesbians Casual sex Internet Gay bars Bathhouse (continued )
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-35 Differences in Sexual Relationships Between Gay Males and Lesbians Lifestyle differences between gay males and lesbians (continued) AIDS Condoms Gay Lifestyles Gay Community
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada9-36 End of Chapter 9