Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.
Learning: relatively permanent state of change in an individual that results from acquiring new knowledge, skills, and/or experience Time One Time Two
Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli Simplest form of learning in humans Examples: wearing clothes, chronic snorers
Process of responding to a stimulus more strongly over time to repeated stimuli Most likely when stimulus is dangerous or irritating Examples: whispering in movie theater, being the partner of a chronic snorer
Ivan Pavlov Studied Digestion of Dogs. Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…) Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate Realised the process involves pairing a neutral stimulus with one that typically elicits a reflexive behavior After enough trials, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the behavior
After repeated trials…
First thing you need is a unconditional relationship. This is passive learning (automatic…learner does NOT have to think). 4 key components: UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR) CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
A stimulus that elicits an automatic, reflexive response This is unconditional (not learned/trained, occurs prior to the experiment)
automatic reflexive (natural) response to being exposed to the UCS a behavior that occurs in response to a specific stimulus
UCS UCR CS With repeated trials… CR
CS - object we want to teach an association to ◦ initially neutral; does not cause a response (or at least not a relevant one) CR - a behavior previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is now elicited by a neutral stimulus ◦ achieved by repeatedly pairing the non- neutral stimulus (UCS) with the neutral stimulus (CS) ◦ the behavior is very similar – what has changed is what it is a response to
4 key components: UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR) CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
Continued pairing of UCS and CS ◦ Acquisition – Learning phase ◦ Strengthening of CR over time Only the CS given ◦ Extinction: weakening of CR over time ◦ Spontaneous Recovery: reappearance of extinct CR after a delay in exposure to the CS ◦ Renewal Effect: sudden reemergence of CR after extinction when returned to original environment of learned behavior
After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS. Acquisition
GeneralizationDiscrimination Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR. Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR.
Dog that bit you Good to generalize fear to this dog Not so good to generalize fear to this dog
A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one.
Advertising: Beer ads paired with attractive women…. Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Attractive woman Feeling aroused Beer Feeling aroused
Dislike Extremely NeutralLike Extremely
Dislike Extremely NeutralLike Extremely
Disgust Reactions: Fudgey poo experiment Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Poo Disgust Fudge Disgust
Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is still there, present UCS. Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break, then present UCS. Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are presented at the same time. Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then CS is presented.
First Order Conditioning. Bell + meat = salivation. Bell = Salivation. Second Order Conditioning (After first order conditioning has occurred) Light + Bell = Salivation. Light = Salivation.
When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong. Even when food and sickness are hours apart. Food must be salient (noticeable.)
Studied rats and how they make associations. Some associations seem to be adaptive. CSUCSLearned Response Loud NoiseShockFear Loud NoiseRadiation (nausea)Nothing Sweet WaterShockNothing Sweet WaterRadiation (nausea)Avoid Water