Viruses BY: ALEKSA PEEV, MORGAN HILTON, CALVIN KIM, MATT GUO

Overview Positive and Negative information about viruses How diseases spread and how to prevent them Different types of vaccines How vaccines work Reasons why we get the flu shot ever year

What is a Virus?  Packets of DNA or RNA with a protein coating  Requires a host to survive and reproduce  Hunts for cells to dominate  Always have the potential to be dangerous to human life AP Virus

How do viruses take over the human body?  Can enter cell by air, bugs or transmission of body fluids  The virus takes over the host cell by making lots of copies of itself  Can cause death of host cell  Once replicated, new virus particles break off the host cell and infect more cells AP

Visual AP Diagram of how a virus replicates and spreads throughout the body

How do viruses harm our lives?  Some viruses outpace the immune system  Pathogen : A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease  Virus is a type of pathogen  Viruses cause diseases such as chicken pox, herpes, and rabies AP Viruses lead to diseases including chicken pox

How do viruses benefit our lives?  Used in vaccines to help prevent stronger forms of the virus  Used for the study of genetics  Used to manipulate the functions of other cells  VDEPT (Virus- Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy)  Used as vectors and paired with enzymes and injected into person who has taken a systematic cytotoxic drug  Enzyme will allow drug to work in any cells the virus was injected into AP Viruses are used in vaccines

How do diseases spread?  3 direct ways of transmission  Human to human  Ex: STDs  Animal to Human  Ex: Rabies  Mother to Unborn Child  Ex: HIV/AIDS  They can move through the air as small droplets  They can spread through contact with the skin or through blood and other bodily fluids CK

How do diseases spread?  1 indirect way of transmission  Human to environment to human  Ex: Sneezing into hands and touching doorknob  They can enter through multiple places in the body  Mouth  Respiratory Tract  Eyes  Genitals  Broken Skin CK

How do we prevent diseases from spreading?  Get vaccinated  Use antibiotics sensibly  Stay home if experiencing symptoms  Disinfect home “ hot zones ”  Kitchen – keep countertops clean and leftovers refrigerated  Bathroom – wipe down toilet and sink, change out hand towels CK

How do we prevent diseases from spreading?  WASH YOUR HANDS  Before and after prepping food  Before eating  After using the bathroom  Cover your mouth and nose when coughing/sneezing  Don’t share personal items  Travel wisely, don’t travel if feeling sick CK

Attenuated Vaccines  Vaccines that contain a living version of the disease  Versions are altered to not cause disease  They can give a person lifelong immunity with one or two doses  Has a chance to mutate and become dangerous  People with weaken immune systems cannot receive vaccines MG

Inactivated Vaccines  Diseased microbes are killed off making it safer  Dead microbes cannot mutate back into more dangerous forms  Requires more shots and dosages to stay effective MG

Subunit Vaccines  These only have immunity causing antigens that do not harm humans  Chances for negative responses are lower  Hepatitis B is prevented with subunit vaccines Hepatitis B Vaccine MG

Toxoid Vaccines  Treats bacteria that omit poisonous materials  Scientists can render the toxins inert with a formula called formalin  Immune system can learn how to combat the toxin using the inert one Toxic Bacteria MG

How do vaccines work?  Immune system: protects the body from foreign substances  Immunity means resistance to specific invaders  Antigen: any foreign molecule  Antigens are found on the surface of pathogens  When an antigen is detected immune system produces antibodies  Antibodies: a protein that attaches to a specific antigen and helps encounter its effects Each antibody goes with a particular antigen. Shows how each antibodies protect the host from a virus. MH

How do vaccines work?  Immunity can also be achieved by vaccination  Vaccination: immune system is confronted with a vaccine  Harmless variant or component of a disease causing microbe  Microbe: microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation  During Vaccination inactivated bacterial toxins, dead, or weakened or part of a microbe  Stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against the antigen  Also effective against actual pathogen because it has similar antigen  Teaches the body's immune system to attack the real disease if it enters the body MH

Visuals MH Both pictures show how vaccines work and how the body reacts.

Why is it important to get the flu shot every year?  New flu vaccines are release every year  Keep up with the rapidly adapting flu virus  Flu evolves quickly to alter antibodies  Constantly changes or mutates  Happens often enough that immune system cannot recognize the virus MH This shows a person getting her annual flu shot to protect her from the virus.

Visuals MH How influenza viruses such as the flu adapts to antibodies.

Why is it important to get the flu shot every year?  Last years vaccines may not protect you from this years  Takes up to two weeks to build immunity  Protects against influenza viruses that will be most common the upcoming season  Everyone over 6 months is recommended to get it MH Fun facts about the flu.