Lesson 3: New American Diplomacy Vocabulary: access tension sphere of influence Open Door Policy dollar diplomacy guerrilla Essential Question: How are empires built?

Guiding Question: Why did the United States want to eliminate spheres of influence?

An Open Door in China China’s huge population and its vast markets became increasingly important to American trade by the late 1800s BUT…...

The Open Door Policy Japan easily defeated China’s massive military over Korea Showed Japan mastered western technology AND China weaker than realizer Peace treaty: China recognized Korea’s independence and gave Manchuria to Japan Russians unhappy, forced Manchuria return to China. Later demanded it leased from China. Soon Germany, France, Britain demanded leaseholds in China

Spheres of Influence – section of a country where a foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers (areas of economic and political control)

An Open Door in China McKinley’s emphasis on negotiations so U.S. gets access to trade in China called: Open Door Policy –A policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ sphere of influence

The Boxer Rebellion The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, known to Westerners as “Boxers” Fought foreign influence and control 1900 group decided to destroy both the “foreign devils” and Chinese Christian converts

The Boxer Rebellion Germany, Austria- Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, Russia and the United States intervened by rescuing foreigners and ended the rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion Sec of State John Hay worked with European powers, who decided not to partition China China paid for damages Unites States retained access to China’s trade (tea, spices, silk) Gained larger markets for its goods

What are some events leading up to the Open Door Policy? Japan defeating China, Russia’s intervention, European countries’ spheres of influence

How did the Open Door policy differ from spheres of influence? Open door policy has an economic focus (trade). Spheres of influence is more like imperialism/setting up a colony.

Why did the U.S. want to eliminate spheres of influence? The U.S. wanted to have free trade

Great White Fleet The "Great White Fleet" sent around the world by President Theodore Roosevelt from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 consisted of sixteen new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. The battleships were painted white except for gilded scrollwork on their bows. The Atlantic Fleet battleships only later came to be known as the "Great White Fleet."

The Panama Canal Spanish American War brought home a need for a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Building the Canal The isthmus of Panama was an ideal location –Was a province of Columbia A French company bought a 25 year concession to build the canal across Panama

Building the Canal What happened? Yellow fever and mismanagement made the French give up building the canal The US picked up where the French left off

Building the Canal The US picked up where the French left off but had a difficult time working out a lease with Columbia How did US get the land? The US backed a revolt by Panamanian people gave US rights to build the canal

Building the Canal Surgeon General William Crawford Gorgas helped maintain a canal zone in which mosquitoes could not live Minimized the disease Construction began in 1904 finished a year ahead of schedule in 1914

Reaction to the Canal Roosevelt’s opponents did not appreciate the methods he used to secure the canal zone Most Americans approved because they were convinced that the canal was vital to US power in the world

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt’s famous quote “Speak softly and carry a big stick; and you will go far” set the tone for US policy The Big stick referred to the US Navy

The Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary – was to prevent European powers from using debt to justify intervening in Latin America Roosevelt denied that the US wanted more territory

The Roosevelt Corollary Latin America owed large debts to European Banks 1902 Venezuela defaults on its debts Britain, Germany, and Italy block Venezuelan ports

The Roosevelt Corollary The US wanted only “to see neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous” What would happen if the was not the case? The US would be forced to act as the “policeman of Latin America”

Roosevelt Corollary The first successful test was with Santo Domingo Economic crisis forced the US to take over the countries finances

Roosevelt as Peacemaker Keeping an “Open Door” in China was key What was threatened trade with Asia? –Russo-Japanese War Roosevelt negotiated a peace between the warring countries and he won the Noble Peace Prize

Foreign Policy After Roosevelt Roosevelt’s successors were thrown into a complex mix of political alliances and world events that would require careful and creative policymaking

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy William H. Taft succeeded Roosevelt, but was not aggressive in foreign policy aims as his predecessor 1911 American bankers began making loans to Nicaragua

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Taft wanted to substitute “dollars for bullets” which later became know as Dollar Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy – a policy of joining business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad US Marines enter Nicaragua to help with civil unrest

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico Mexican Revolution Porifiro Diaz (dictator) ruled Mexico for 30 years Most Mexicans were poor and landless Francisco Madero led a revolution

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico 1913 General Victoriano Huerta seized power and murdered Madero Wilson refused to recognize the government Would have to establish a government based on law not force Wilson ordered navy to intercept arm shipments to Huerta

Wilson Sends Troops to Mexico April 1914 American sailors arrested in Mexican city Learned a German ship was unloading weapons U.S. Marines seize Vera Cruz Mexican forces conducted raids into the U.S.

Wilson Sends Troops to Mexico Pancho Villa burned Columbus, New Mexico killing 17 Americans General John J Pershing tried but could not capture Pancho Villa 1914 negotiated a naval base in Nicaragua

Wilson Sends Troops to Mexico 1915 put down Haitian rebellion Marines remained until sent troops to the Dominican Republic to set up a government