Amendments 11-27

ALL 17 OF THESE AMENDMENTS WERE PROPOSED BY A 2/3 VOTE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE US SENATE NONE OF THE 17 AMENDMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE CONSTITUTION WERE PROPOSED BY CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. Proposal Methods

ALL 17 OF THESE AMENDMENTS WERE PROPOSED BY A 2/3 VOTE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE US SENATE NONE OF THE 17 AMENDMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE CONSTITUTION WERE PROPOSED BY CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. Proposal Methods

16 OF THE 17 AMENDMENTS WERE RATIFIED BY ¾ OF THE STATE LEGISLATURES ONLY 1 AMENDMENT (AMENDMENT 21) WAS RATIFIED BY CONVENTIONS IN ¾ OF THE STATES (AND NOT THE LEGISLATURES OF THOSE STATES) Method of Ratification

16 OF THE 17 AMENDMENTS WERE RATIFIED BY ¾ OF THE STATE LEGISLATURES ONLY 1 AMENDMENT (AMENDMENT 21) WAS RATIFIED BY CONVENTIONS IN ¾ OF THE STATES (AND NOT THE LEGISLATURES OF THOSE STATES) Method of Ratification

Amendment th -Lawsuits against states (proposed 3/14/1794, ratified 2/7/1795)  Federal courts are not to be used when a citizen of another state sues the state  When anyone sues a state, that suit MUST take place in a court of that state  Foreign countries cannot sue a state in federal court

Amendment th -Lawsuits against states (proposed 3/14/1794, ratified 2/7/1795)  Federal courts are not to be used when a citizen of another state sues the state  When anyone sues a state, that suit MUST take place in a court of that state  Foreign countries cannot sue a state in federal court

Amendment th -The President and Vice President are elected together. (proposed 12/9/1803, ratified 6/15/1804)  Changed the procedure for electing the President and Vice President; It replaced Article II, Section 1, Clause 3  Instead of each elector casting 2 votes for President (as was the original method), each now casts 1 for President, & 1 for VP  Kept the President & VP from being from two different parties and arguing constantly  Also says that the House of Representatives picks the President (from top-3 vote getters) if no one gets a majority of the votes.

Amendment th -The President and Vice President are elected together. (proposed 12/9/1803, ratified 6/15/1804)  Changed the procedure for electing the President and Vice President; It replaced Article II, Section 1, Clause 3  Instead of each elector casting 2 votes for President (as was the original method), each now casts 1 for President, & 1 for VP  Kept the President & VP from being from two different parties and arguing constantly  Also says that the House of Representatives picks the President (from top-3 vote getters) if no one gets a majority of the votes.

Amendment th -Emancipation (proposed 1/31/1865, ratified 12/6/1865)  Ended slavery  Gives Congress right to make laws to enforce the end/prevention of slavery  Exception- Prisoners doing manual labor as a part of their sentence - Note: Guaranteed slaves freedom but not any rights **Reconstruction Amendment**

Amendment th -Emancipation (proposed 1/31/1865, ratified 12/6/1865)  Ended slavery  Gives Congress right to make laws to enforce the end/prevention of slavery  Exception- Prisoners doing manual labor as a part of their sentence - Note: Guaranteed slaves freedom but not any rights **Reconstruction Amendment**

Amendment th -Equal Protection (proposed 6/13/1866, ratified 7/9/1868)  Gives people, born or naturalized in the United States, citizenship and the rights that come with it.  Prevented the government from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, without “due process of law;”  Equal protection clause: No citizen can be denied the equal protection of the laws (guaranteed equal treatment)  Southern states HAD to ratify as a provision for being reaccepted into the United States after the Civil War **Reconstruction Amendment**

Amendment th -Equal Protection (proposed 6/13/1866, ratified 7/9/1868)  Gives people, born or naturalized in the United States, citizenship and the rights that come with it.  Prevented the government from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, without “due process of law;”  Equal protection clause: No citizen can be denied the equal protection of the laws (guaranteed equal treatment)  Southern states HAD to ratify as a provision for being reaccepted into the United States after the Civil War **Reconstruction Amendment**

Amendment th -Right to vote (proposed 2/26/1869, ratified 2/3/1870)  Right to vote cannot be denied based on race, color or if you had been a slave  Southern states HAD to ratify as a provision for being reaccepted into the United States after the Civil War  Supreme Court would rule in 1876 that Grandfather laws, poll taxes and voter tests DID NOT violate this Amendment  Poll taxes-made voters pay a tax to vote  Voter tests-made voters take/pass a test to vote  Grandfather laws-said if your grandfather had voted, you didn’t have to pay the tax or take the test Since ex-slaves didn’t have grandfathers who had voted, and many were too poor to pay tax, and/or were not able to read, they allowed southern states to prevent blacks from voting **Reconstruction Amendment**

Amendment th -Right to vote (proposed 2/26/1869, ratified 2/3/1870)  Right to vote cannot be denied based on race, color or if you had been a slave  Southern states HAD to ratify as a provision for being reaccepted into the United States after the Civil War  Supreme Court would rule in 1876 that Grandfather laws, poll taxes and voter tests DID NOT violate this Amendment  Poll taxes-made voters pay a tax to vote  Voter tests-made voters take/pass a test to vote  Grandfather laws-said if your grandfather had voted, you didn’t have to pay the tax or take the test Since ex-slaves didn’t have grandfathers who had voted, and many were too poor to pay tax, and/or were not able to read, they allowed southern states to prevent blacks from voting **Reconstruction Amendment**

Amendment th -Income tax (proposed 7/12/1909, ratified 2/3/1913)  Grants Congress the power to tax income

Amendment th -Income tax (proposed 7/12/1909, ratified 2/3/1913)  Grants Congress the power to tax income

Amendment th -Election of Senators (proposed 5/13/1912, ratified 5/8/1913)  Provided for direct election of US Senators by the citizens of the states  Revised Article I, section 3, clause 1, which provided for Senators to be elected by the state legislature

Amendment th -Election of Senators (proposed 5/13/1912, ratified 5/8/1913)  Provided for direct election of US Senators by the citizens of the states  Revised Article I, section 3, clause 1, which provided for Senators to be elected by the state legislature

Amendment th -Prohibition (proposed 12/17/1917, ratified 1/16/1919)  Bans the sale, production and transportation of alcohol  Only amendment repealed (21 st )

Amendment th -Prohibition (proposed 12/17/1917, ratified 1/16/1919)  Bans the sale, production and transportation of alcohol  Only amendment repealed (21 st )

Amendment th- Suffrage for women (proposed 6/4/1919, ratified 8/18/1920)  Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex  Grants women the right to vote

Amendment th- Suffrage for women (proposed 6/4/1919, ratified 8/18/1920)  Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex  Grants women the right to vote

Amendment th -Presidential/Congressional terms (proposed 3/2/1932, ratified 1/23/1933)  Changes the beginning date for presidential term to January 2oth and the beginning date for congressional terms to January 3 rd  Was a result of travel being faster and politicians could get to Washington DC quicker

Amendment th -Presidential/Congressional terms (proposed 3/2/1932, ratified 1/23/1933)  Changes the beginning date for presidential term to January 2oth and the beginning date for congressional terms to January 3 rd  Was a result of travel being faster and politicians could get to Washington DC quicker

Amendment st -Repeal of Prohibition (proposed 2/20/1933, ratified 12/5/1933)  Ended prohibition (18 th Amendment)  Only Amendment ratified specifically to overturn an previous Amendment

Amendment st -Repeal of Prohibition (proposed 2/20/1933, ratified 12/5/1933)  Ended prohibition (18 th Amendment)  Only Amendment ratified specifically to overturn an previous Amendment

Amendment nd -Presidential term limit (proposed 3/24/1947, ratified 2/27/1951)  Set a limit of 2 elected terms for President  Limits individuals to no more than 10 years as president If a VP becomes President for 2 years or less as a result of a Presidential death/retirement, he/she can be elected twice If, however, a VP becomes President for more than 2 years as a result of a Presidential death/retirement, he/she can only be elected once  Result of FDR being elected to 4 terms (although he died during the 4 th ), after no other President had even run a 3 rd time

Amendment nd -Presidential term limit (proposed 3/24/1947, ratified 2/27/1951)  Set a limit of 2 elected terms for President  Limits individuals to no more than 10 years as president If a VP becomes President for 2 years or less as a result of a Presidential death/retirement, he/she can be elected twice If, however, a VP becomes President for more than 2 years as a result of a Presidential death/retirement, he/she can only be elected once  Result of FDR being elected to 4 terms (although he died during the 4 th ), after no other President had even run a 3 rd time

Amendment rd -Washington DC electoral votes (proposed 6/16/1960, ratified 3/29/1961)  Gave residents of DC 3 electoral votes (equal to the smallest state) in presidential elections  The residents of Washington, DC are technically not residents of a state  DC is under the jurisdiction of the Congress, and not any state  As a result, residents of DC did not get any say in Presidential elections until this Amendment was passed

Amendment rd -Washington DC electoral votes (proposed 6/16/1960, ratified 3/29/1961)  Gave residents of DC 3 electoral votes (equal to the smallest state) in presidential elections  The residents of Washington, DC are technically not residents of a state  DC is under the jurisdiction of the Congress, and not any state  As a result, residents of DC did not get any say in Presidential elections until this Amendment was passed

Amendment th -Poll taxes (proposed 8/27/1962, ratified 1/23/1964)  Poll tax-A tax required to vote (predominantly in the South; used to prevent black people from voting after passage of the 15 th Amendment)  This Amendment made the practice unconstitutional (The Supreme Court had previously ruled that poll taxes didn’t violate the Constitution)

Amendment th -Poll taxes (proposed 8/27/1962, ratified 1/23/1964)  Poll tax-A tax required to vote (predominantly in the South; used to prevent black people from voting after passage of the 15 th Amendment)  This Amendment made the practice unconstitutional (The Supreme Court had previously ruled that poll taxes didn’t violate the Constitution)

Amendment th -Presidential succession (proposed 7/6/1965, ratified 2/10/1967)  Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution does not expressly state whether the Vice President becomes the President or Acting President if the President dies, resigns, is removed from office or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers of the presidency  This Amendment clarifies that clause, stating the VP becomes President if there is a presidential death/resignation/removal  VP becomes Acting President if the President is temporarily unable to fulfill his duties  It also specifies how VP vacancies will be handled, and under what circumstances the Cabinet & VP can have the President removed from office

Amendment th -Presidential succession (proposed 7/6/1965, ratified 2/10/1967)  Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution does not expressly state whether the Vice President becomes the President or Acting President if the President dies, resigns, is removed from office or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers of the presidency  This Amendment clarifies that clause, stating the VP becomes President if there is a presidential death/resignation/removal  VP becomes Acting President if the President is temporarily unable to fulfill his duties  It also specifies how VP vacancies will be handled, and under what circumstances the Cabinet & VP can have the President removed from office

Amendment th -Voting Age (proposed 3/23/1971, ratified 7/1/1971)  Lowered the voting age to 18  Result of the Vietnam war  18 year olds were able to get drafted but unable (in some states) to vote for or against the war  Fastest Amendment to be ratified (3 months, 8 days)

Amendment th -Voting Age (proposed 3/23/1971, ratified 7/1/1971)  Lowered the voting age to 18  Result of the Vietnam war  18 year olds were able to get drafted but unable (in some states) to vote for or against the war  Fastest Amendment to be ratified (3 months, 8 days)

Amendment th -Limitations on Congressional pay raises (proposed 9/25/1789, ratified 5/7/1992)  Says that if Congress votes to raise their pay, that raise cannot go in affect until after the next Congressional election  Longest ratification period-202 years, 7 months, 12 days

Amendment th -Limitations on Congressional pay raises (proposed 9/25/1789, ratified 5/7/1992)  Says that if Congress votes to raise their pay, that raise cannot go in affect until after the next Congressional election  Longest ratification period-202 years, 7 months, 12 days