Evolution Review

Charles Darwin Father of: – Evolution Evolution states: all life as we know it came from A common Ancestor

Fossil Record Comparing fossils from older and younger rock layers document that evolution has occurred.

Homologous structures Same physical characteristics/Bones

Analogous Structures Same Functions/Different Organisms Bird and Bat Wings Examples:

Vestigial organs Organs that serve no useful function in organisms. Humans: Appendix Whales: Pelvic Bone

Geographic Isolation: physical barriers –Mountains –Oceans

Natural Selection Survival of the fittest” Those that are better suited to their environment (better phenotypes or physical characteristics) survive and reproduce successfully

2. Mutations Mutation A mistake in DNA that contributes to the variation of a species and is very important in evolution.

Gene Flow Organism’s moving in and out of an area to search for…….. –Hunt for food –Living space –Other resources

GENETIC DRIFT A change in the population because of a random event, such as a catastrophe The smaller the population, the less genetic variety it has. alleles can be lost from one generation to the next.

Based on this Cladogram, which organism is most closely related to the Chimp? -Mouse

Based on this Cladogram, all of the organisms have jaws except: -Hagfish

The Galapagos Island Darwin’s visit to these islands, the differences in the animals, and his observations that habitat can affect the adaptations of organisms.

-Early eukaryotic cells formed from symbiotic relationships between two prokaryotic cells. The presence of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports this hypothesis

Behavioral Isolation

Camouflage Allows organism to hide from predators

Artificial Selection humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits.animalsplants Inbreeding is preferential mating with relatives. Inbreeding is a common form of non-random mating. Inbreeding increases the frequency of homozygous genotypes This increases the frequency of recessive genetic disorders. Cute, but prone to genetically-based disorders.

The Genetic Basis of Evolution are all of the alleles (alternate forms of genes) in all of the individuals that make up a population. Gene Pool

Temporal Isolation These are closely related species, but the American toad mates in the early part of summer, while the Fowler's toad mates later in the season.

Adaptation A favorable genetic change that allows an organism to better survive. –Ex. Venom

Embryology similarities in the early embryos indicated that they descended from a common ancestor