 Learn how to identify and categorise stakeholders.  Consider different stakeholder structures and responsibilities in groundwater management.  Get guidance on how to maintain stakeholder participation over time.

 Participation refers to the community’s active involvement in matters affecting them, and includes their making decisions on the right actions to take.  There are however, different levels of participation.

 Stakeholders want to participate: ◦ To protect their interests; ◦ To get problems fixed.  Stakeholders need to participate: ◦ Government decisions hard to implement without social support; ◦ Some management tasks are more efficiently carries out by stakeholders; ◦ Small aquifers require local management.

 Passive Participation  Participation in information giving  Participation for material rewards  Functional participation  Interactive participation  Self-mobilization

Self mobilisation Interactive Functional Information giving Passive participation

 Informed decision-making using stakeholder experience;  Conflict prevention by development of consensus and information sharing.  social benefits - promote equity among users;  economic benefits - optimize pumping and reduce energy costs;  technical benefits - better estimates of water abstraction.

1. Civil society-Consumers, NGOs, CBOs, Trade unions, Labour, media. 2. Service providers-formal (public utilities) and informal (water vendors, farmers with water from private wells) 3. Policy formulation and Coordinating bodies- 4. Private sector- Banks-Micro financing, PPPs, and WB, AFDB 5. Regulatory bodies 6. River Basins Authorities 7. Trans boundary organisations 8. External support agencies 9. Legislators

 Stakeholder analysis has three steps: 1.Identify the key stakeholders that could potentially affect or be affected by changes in groundwater management. 2.Assess stakeholder interests and the potential impact of groundwater management decisions on these interests. 3.Assess the influence and importance of the identified stakeholders. 4.=> linked to the development of an institutional process of long term engagement of stakeholders in Groundwater Management.

A. High interest/ Importance, High Influence B. High Interest/ Importance, Low influence C. Low Interest/ Importance, High influence D. Low Interest/ Importance, Low influence

Stakeholder Functions Level at which function performed. in GW Management Water User Association Water Mgmt Agency National Authority Maintain GW supply / distribution Collect water use charges Groundwater monitoring Make rules on water use Policing of groundwater use Implement GW protection Participate in setting targets Settle groundwater disputes

 Inadequate attention given to government agencies as stakeholder. ◦ Functions spread across gvt. agencies; ◦ Objectives differ; ◦ Opportunity to influence other gvt. agencies. How can we get government agencies to work together?

 Participation can take place at all levels from the tap to governing bodies.  A finely tuned balance of regulations and incentives is needed for stakeholder structures to function.

Sub catchment council WUA Catchment council ZINWA Board Catchment manager GovernmentStakeholders 4 Catchment chairpersons WUA ZINWA

What role should government play in participatory groundwater management? Good News. We have just successfully drafted a policy paper on groundwater management.

 Are you clear why stakeholders are being mobilised – and the expected result?  Often just a task to be done because it is in the work plan.  Stakeholders need to be convinced of the benefit to them – many may see only disadvantages.  Information, transparency, negotiation are all essential.

 Mechanisms: ◦ Make complex situations understandable; information is a basis for discussion; ◦ Empower stakeholder organisations so that they have real responsibility; ◦ Ensure all stakeholders are represented; ◦ Where necessary, establish a sound groundwater rights system.

1. The Water Directors/Managers will present to stakeholders a proposed scheme to charge for groundwater use, monitoring and pollution management. 2. The stakeholders will respond with questions and comments on the proposals according to their specific interests(irrigations/commercial agriculture, subsistence agriculture, industries, municipal, utility, household users etc minutes to organise yourselves and your ideas minutes for debriefing and questions/comments