Circulation

Invertebrates: Gastrovascular cavity or circulatory system

Circulation

Gastrovascular Cavity

Circulation Open Circulatory System

Circulation Open Circulatory System

Circulation Closed Circulatory System

Circulation gills body tissues

Circulation lungs body tissues

Circulation

Why?

Circulation Why is each one an improvement?

head and arms lungs digestive tract & liver kidneys trunk & legs

Circulation

Some vocabulary: atrium ventricle aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary artery septum semilunar valves SA node AV node systole diastole stroke volume heart murmur lymph

What’s in blood? Plasma: Mostly water Ions (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, CO 3 ) Proteins Food & waste Gasses Hormones Cellular elements: Red blood cells (transport) White blood cells (immune) Platelets (clotting).

Clotting:

fibrinogen Clotting:

prothrombin Clotting:

platelets

Clotting: torn edge

Clotting: 1.Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in damaged tissue.

Clotting: 2.Platelets form a temporary plug.

Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor

Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor 4.Clotting factor turns prothrombin into thrombin

Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor 4.Clotting factor turns prothrombin into thrombin 5.Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin

Clotting: 6.Fibrin reinforces the clot

Clotting: 6.Fibrin reinforces the clot Why?

Clotting: 6.Fibrin reinforces the clot Why have so many steps in the clotting process?

Clotting: 1.Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in damaged tissue 2.Platelets form a plug 3.Platelets release clotting factors 4.Clotting factors turn prothrombin into thrombin 5.Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin 6.Fibrin reinforces clot.

Diseases of the Circulatory System: atherosclerosis (narrowing) arteriosclerosis (hardening) hypertension (high blood pressure) HDL & LDL (good & bad cholesterol) heart attack stroke hemophilia.

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood.

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood. Seawater Fish Blood

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood. 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Water flows over the gills Blood flows through the gills 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 10%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 10% 30%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 60% 10% 30% 50%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 60% 55% 10% 30% 50% 55%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 60% 55% 55% 10% 30% 50% 55% 55%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 55%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water…

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water… 100% 10%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water… 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 10%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water… 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 90% 70% 50% 30% 10%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange The concentration gradient is maintained along the entire length. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 90% 70% 50% 30% 10%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange The concentration gradient is maintained along the entire length. 90%

A Few Facts About Respiration: Ventilation of the Lungs Mammals use negative pressure Amphibians use positive pressure Birds breathe through hollow bones as well as through lungs.

A Few Facts About Respiration: Hemoglobin Efficient carrier of oxygen Ours contains iron; mollusks’ contains copper The Bohr shift.

Why?

Why lower the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen when pH goes down?.