Theories of Motivation

Theories of Motivation Instinct/Evolutionary theory Drive Reduction theory Incentive theory Optimal arousal theory Humanistic theory Cognitive constancy theory

Instinct/Evolutionary Based on Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory “Natural selection” Our goals are to survive and reproduce Proximate v. ultimate causes

Proximate v. Ultimate Causes Proximate Cause Ultimate Cause

Instinct/Evolutionary Why are we attracted to certain people? Why do we try to look a certain way? Why do we strive for success? What makes us take risks?

Is behavior pushed or pulled?

Drive reduction theory Behavior is pushed internally A physiological need creates a psychological drive to reestablish homeostasis When the physiological need increases, so does the psychological drive When the need is met, the drive is reduced Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

Incentive Theory Behavior is pulled externally Positive and negative stimuli either lure or repel us Our individual learning histories determine what motivates us

So which is correct? We are most driven when there is both a need and an incentive Intrinsic v. extrinsic motivation

Optimal Arousal Theory Not all behaviors achieve homeostasis or fulfill a need-based drive Despite having biological needs satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation Everyone has an “optimal level” of arousal Optimal level is different for everyone and situational

Yerkes-Dodson Law*

Humanistic Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Maslow’s Hierarchy Some needs take priority over others People are naturally driven to better themselves The order of needs is not fixed and can change based on the situation Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Cognitive Constancy* Beliefs that are in opposition often produce conflict (cognitive dissonance) Behaviors counter to beliefs produce conflict The individual is motivated to reduce the tension created by conflict Tension reduced by changing or modifying beliefs Tension reduced by changing or modifying behavior

Some questions about motivation . . .

Motivation Reflection Write a 2-3 page reflection about what you think motivates people to do the things they do Things to consider Theories of motivation The Mating Game article Structured observations Class discussion Chapter 12 Due Monday, March 3rd