Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Tradition and Change in East Asia Chapter 26

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Transition from Yuan to Ming China was ruled by the Mongols during the 13 th & 14 th centuries (Yuan Dynasty). They ignored Chinese cultural and political traditions. Replaced Chinese bureaucrats with Turkish and Persian administrators Dismantled the Confucian education system Tolerated many religious traditions Economic turmoil, assassinations and civil war disintegrated Yuan dynasty in China

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty Ming “Brilliant” Dynasty comes to power Founded by Emperor Hongwu, who restored native rule to China Used mandarins to travel throughout the land to oversee the implementation of government policies (reminds you of ______)

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty Ming “Brilliant” Dynasty comes to power Followed by Emperor Yongle who experimented with sea expeditions Zheng He He moved the capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks and began construction of the Forbidden City.

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty Restored and rebuilt the Great Wall Early walls erected by Qin dynasty in 4 th century but had fallen into disrepair The Great Wall was a Ming project 2,500 kilometers (1,550 miles) long and varied between 10 – 15 meters (33 – 49 feet) tall. Watch towers, signal towers, accommodations for deployed troops.

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty Got rid of Mongol and other influences in order to stabilize China internally. Respect for traditional Chinese traditions such as the Confucianism, imperial academies, and civil service examinations were restored. Early Ming rule was robust and helped to stabilize and strengthen China.

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty Decline Ming navy and coastal defenses were weak – pirates and smugglers operated at will along east coast. Disruption of coastal communities Looted and killed Suppression took over 40 years

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty Decline Emperors lived extravagantly in the Hidden City Sometimes ignored government affairs Bureaucracy run by eunuchs Eunuchs used their power to enrich themselves Corruption and inefficiency spread throughout the government

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming Dynasty Decline Series of famines struck China in early 17 th century Government unable to organize relief efforts Peasants rebelled and organized revolts Manchu forces invade from north, allied with army loyal to Ming against rebels Manchus saved the capital, but set themselves up as ruling force and established the Qing Dynasty.

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China

Qing Dynasty Qing “pure” Dynasty set up by the Manchus and ruled China up into the 20 th century. They maintained their own ethnic and cultural identity. Outlawed intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus Forbid Chinese from traveling into Manchuria or learning Manchurian language Forced Chinese men to shave front of head and wear Manchu-style hair as a sign of submission

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Qing Dynasty

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Qing Dynasty Continued the same basic ruling philosophy and techniques that the Ming had established. Emperor considered semi-divine “Son of Heaven” Privileged life inside the Forbidden City Scholar-bureaucrats ran the government on a day-to-day basis Graduates from intense civil-service exams

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Civil Service Exams Preparation began at early age Came mostly from wealthy class, but open to any male, regardless of class. Families or townspeople hired tutors By age 11 or 12 they had memorized thousands of Chinese characters necessary to deal with Confucian curriculum. Also: Analects Calligraphy Poetry Essay composition

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Civil Service Exams 3 levels of tests: district, provincial, metropolitan Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level Multiple attempts allowed Difficult ordeal to pass 3 days, 2 nights at examination compound Candidates brought bare necessities, searched before entering. Employment in the government bureaucracy led to honor, power and rewards.

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Ming & Qing Society Ming & Qing succeeded in restoring & maintaining traditional ways in China They promoted conservative political & social policies.

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Patriarchal Family Culture Hierarchical, patriarchal, authoritarian Children toward fathers Subjects toward emperor Eldest son favored Women subjected to the authority of men Subordination of females at early age Boys valued, girls seen as liability Infanticide common Footbinding Men controlled divorce

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Population & Economic Growth Agricultural society – very efficient Introduction of American crops increased food supply, and thus, population growth Rapid demographic growth created problems and opportunities Foreign trade expanded Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware Required silver bullion Chinese in turn import relatively little Placed limits on foreign trade

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Technology China was a world leader in the Tang & Son dynasties (7 th – 13 th Centuries) Government suppressed technological advancements during Ming & Qing fearing social instability would result Focused on mass labor over technology

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Republic of China Neo-Confucianism Confucianism focused primarily on moral, ethical, and political values. Zhu Xi (Song Dynasty) started blending in Buddhist philosophy with emphasis on self-discipline, filial piety and obedience to established rulers. This neo-Confucian blend was central to Ming & Qing dynasties up into the 20 th century.

Assignment Compare & Contrast S.P.I.C.E. themes of the Ming & Qing dynasties. Much of information in chapter 26, but some in chapter 21 as well.

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