Kissinger Ch: 11 Essential Question: What problems were caused by Allied diplomacy following WWI?

Treaty between Russia and Germany signed in Both countries were disgruntled because they had been left out of the peace making process. The treaty was disguised as a trade agreement. Germany formally recognized the USSR Established mutual “most-favored-nation status” as a trade agreement Allowed Germany to get around military restrictions of Versailles. Germans could develop and build new weapons in Russia and train both German and Russian soldiers.

December 1922 Germany failed to make reparation payment. January 1923 French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr. France took control of industries in the Ruhr in order to exploit steel and coal industry to substitute reparation payments. Germany ordered passive resistance and paid workers not to work. Making the occupation unprofitable for France. Occupation ended in the fall of 1923 France was barley able to get enough from the occupation to pay for the occupation. Demonstrated the weakness of France and British isolationism.

Conservative leader of Germany in the 1920’s Served as both Foreign Minister and Chancellor Stresemann had two options Challenge the victors or Cooperate with the victors Stresemann choose to cooperate with the victors in hopes of challenging them at a later date. Became known as the fulfillment policy

Named after American banker Charles G. Dawes Established a reduced schedule for reparation payments. For a five year period Germany would pay $1 billion in reparations and would receive $2 billion in loans from the US. By accepting this plan France and Great Britain chose a strong Germany that could pay it reparations over a weak Germany that could not pay. Look at chart on pp 71 IB Paper 1

Guaranteed the borders between France, Belgium and Germany. But Britain and France agreed that Versailles Treaty required revision in the East. Germany agreed to join the League of Nations thereby agreeing to settle the eastern boarders diplomatically.

Three levels of commitments existed in Europe after Locarno. 1. Traditional Alliances 1. France made these with the new small countries east of Germany guaranteeing their boarders 2. Special Guarantees 1. Like Locarno these guarantees were less binding than formal alliances. 3. Collective security 1. Established by the League of Nations 2. Germany joined the league in 1926

Signed in August of 1928 Renounced war and agreed to solve all issues diplomatically. Was signed by fifteen countries including Germany, Japan and Italy. Kellogg admitted that the pact carried no real significance.

Proposed by the allies after the five year term of the Dawes expired in Stresemann died on October 3, 1929 It reduced reparations even further and established a terminal Reparations commission could no longer impose sanctions Again it relied on loans from the US