Dalhousie-CJSOE Maritime Security Conference ‘Setting the Scene’ Presentation 5 June Three Organization Perspectives On Institutional Change: Institutional, Whole-of-Government & Military Halifax MARINE RESEARCH Institute

Conducted: October 2011 CFPS Research Workshop “Western Hemisphere Perspectives and Approaches to Future Maritime Security Challenges” P.22: “The greatest impediments to information sharing … are neither technical nor procedural. They are institutional and cultural.” P.81: “A good understanding of the organizational culture of and between partners in a maritime security endeavor goes a long way to keeping a coalition of interest strong. Organizational culture is a persistent attribute and has many dimensions.”

Past, Present, and Future? Today Past Future (Known) (Unknown) Status Quo Analogy Activity Anxiety Change 1997 Global Trends 2010 ? 2000 Global Trends 2015 ? 2008 Global Trends 2025 ? 2004 Mapping The Future 2020 ? 2009 Future Security Enviro ? Future ‘Horizons’ US-Can. Future Security Assessments of Trends and Constants

Canada United States Strategy Begins with Awareness – Similarities & Differences Monarchy Currency History Policies Management Driven Language Free Societies Allied Economies Democracies Borders Arts Sports Families Republic Currency History Policies Strategy Driven 9/11 Pop., Economy, Capacity = 10: 1 Landmass = 1: 1.01 Canada Coastline = 1: Canada

Religion Technology Culture (Domestic) Culture (Foreign) Economy Politics Theory Legal (Some) Complex Agents of Change Military Environment

General Martin E. Dempsey, USA Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff “Mission Command” – 11 August 2011 P.3: “The pace of change and speed of operations will continue to accelerate.” P.4: “Our leaders must be able to see, understand and rapidly exploit opportunities.” P.5: “Joint and service doctrine, education and training are keys to achieving the habit of mission command.”

Spectrum of Change: So Many Choices! Organization Past Future (Known)(Unknown) Scale Of Change Scale Of Change Reversion To Tradition Progression To Transformation Emergence Maintenance Radical Moderate Organizational Choices Status Quo

Why is Learning and Sharing Information So Important? His Excellency, The Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada “The first reason is that, in our globalized world, the well- being of nations is increasingly being defined by the ability to develop and advance knowledge. In other words, knowledge – as opposed to military might or GDP – is gaining momentum as the new currency and passport to success.” Source: “The Diplomacy of Knowledge,” The Globe & Mail, 17 February 2012.

“Deep Structures: “[C]hange is actively prevented … by the set of fundamental ‘choices’ the institution will [consider] taking about: (1) how its units will be organized … and (2) the basic activity patterns that will maintain its existence.” Source: Connie Gersick, “Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Explorations of the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory,” in Burke, et al., Organization Change: A Comprehensive Reader, (Jossey-Bass, 2009), pp Resistance to Change

Spectrum of Change: Which Risk Matters? Organization Past Future (Known)(Unknown) Scale Of Change Scale Of Change Reversion To Tradition Progression To Transformation Emergence Maintenance Radical Moderate Organizational Choices Reform New Form Conform ‘Emotional’ Leadership ‘Visionary’ Leadership “Deep Structures’’ Revolutionary Periods Evolutionary Periods Equilibrium Periods RISK? Status Quo Instability

Military Role Constabulary Role Diplomatic Role Use of the Sea Ken Booth’s Triangle - Navies and Foreign Policies, 1977, The Three Functional Roles of ‘Maritime Security Forces’ Military Support/Lead when asked Law Enforcement Doctrine Military sometimes Lead/Support when situation stabilized Foreign Relations Doctrine Lead Alliance, Joint and Service Doctrines

Military Role Constabulary Role Diplomatic Role Ken Booth’s Triangle – Adapted for the ‘New Security Environment’. The Three Roles of ‘Maritime Security Forces’ Source: Hansen, “A New Naval Doctrine for the New Security Era,” forthcoming. Order Security Enforcement Compassion Respect Reputation Response

ConflictCoexistCoordinateCooperate CollaborateConglomerate Degree of Interoperability Tactical Institutional National/Suprant’l Level of Directing Authority Institution Dept Manager Culture ? ? ? An Interoperability Governance & Terminology Framework? Panel Cmtte

Three ‘Keys’ to MSCA Key to efficient security assessment is awareness. Key to accurate analysis is understanding and application of concepts. Key to effectiveness is accuracy and timeliness of data. The required perspective for these three ‘keys’ will probably NOT come from your own professional frame of reference.

Recommended Reference Integrated Maritime Enforcement: A Handbook (PDF) Francois N. Bailet, Fred W. Crickard, and Glen J. Herbert Dalhousie University: Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, 2000 Source: Principles of Integrated Maritime Enforcement A Prescriptive Analysis of Integrated Maritime Enforcement