Chapter 5 Ad Astra Per Aspera Kansas Becomes a State

People to Know Black Kettle Cyrus K. Holliday John James Ingalls James Lane Abraham Lincoln Julia Louisa Lovejoy Sterling Price William C. Quantrill Charles Robinson

Words to Understand Amend Armory Broadside Charter Guerrilla Inalienable Ordinance Reminiscence Representative government Revenue Secede Segregate Squatter Veto

Kansas Becomes the 34th State: Rough Start January 29, 1861 Drought Crops failed Drinking water shortage Kansas Relief Committee Broadsides and flyers Financial Trouble

Establishing a State Government: Ad Astra Per Aspera Latin “to the stars through difficulty.” John James Ingalls Secretary to 1st KS Senate Wyandotte Constitutional Delegate State Seal

The State Constitution Bill of Rights Considered inalienable Are Guaranteed “all political power in inherent in the people” All have an important role in government All have a responsibility to participate Can be amended (living document) Also different from U.S. Const. Slavery (6yrs.) Women’s voting rights (61 yrs.)

The Rules of State Government Today Federal, State, and county/city 3 Branches KS and U.S. government Executive Legislative Judicial

Executive Branch Administer of laws passed by legislature Headed by Governor who serves a limited term Max two, four year terms Includes Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer as well as other agency directors Governor can approve or veto bills Collects Taxes (Revenue)

Legislative Branch Make laws (legislature) Two chambers: House of Representatives and Senate A bill must pass both chambers to be written into law. Senate has 40 members; they serve four year terms House of Representatives has 125 members; they serve 2 year terms 2/3 vote to over turn an Executive Veto

Judicial Branch Interpret laws and settle disputes between people Hear criminal cases where the state brings charges against a person Hear civil cases between two parties Money Property rights Juries are very important to the court system State Supreme Court has 7 justices appointed by the governor

Kansas and the Civil War: James Lane’s Frontier Guard KS Senator Helped to defend D.C. Threat of Secession Fort Sumter Maryland and Virginia Speeches 100 Men Protected Lincoln East Room Union Troops returned

Kansans at War: African American Soldiers 30,000 men between 18-45 20,000 enlisted Not all from KS Nearly 8,500 died Highest death rate of any state in Union African Americans Start: not allowed in military Year 3: equal pay 185,000 men volunteered 38,000 died

Kansans at War: African American Soldiers Cont. KS 1st to enlist the men James Lane recruited them 1st Kansas Colored Infantry 1st reg. to engage in battle 225 vs. 500 1st to fight along side white soldiers Battle of Honey Springs

The Civil War Comes to Kansas: Quantrill’s Raid on Lawrence Guerrilla tactics (KS and MO) Quantrill’s Raid Lawrence Aug. 21, 1863 William C. Quantrill Confederate guerrilla 400 men attack at 5:00am Shot every man they saw and windows White new recruits African American new recruits Determined to burn down Lawrence Killed 140 Men and boys 1 Confederate

Battle of Mine Creek “Order No. 11” General Sterling Price Cleared all settlers out of four western MO counties Prevent more raids Site of Battle for Mine Creek General Sterling Price Confederate Ordered to take MO, and if needed retreat through KS taking supplies

Battle of Mine Creek Cont. Was forced to retreat Supplies slowed retreat Union Caught up 2,500 Union vs. 7,000 Confederates Union won in less than an hour Abandoned/destroyed supplies and fled.

Women and the Civil War No military service Organized relief efforts Made blankets and uniforms Raised money Year 2 of civil war United States Sanitary Commission Recruited nurses Donated supplies Food Medicines bandages

Frontier Forts in Kansas: The Forts and the Trails Keep peace as settlers go west Mostly Protected Americans, not Indians Santa Fe Trail 1821 Trade between U.S. and Mexico Invaded some Indian hunting grounds Military sent to protect the trade route

Frontier Forts in Kansas: The Forts and the Trails Cont. Fort Leavenworth Oldest active army post west of Mississippi River NE KS To far away to protect wagon trains So Fort Larned was established Better position to protect Oregon trail

The Forts and Indian Relocation Indians were moved to KS Duties at Fort Leavenworth changed Protected Indian lands from settlers Kept peace among Indian tribes Fort Scott established to help

The Army and Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny = Armies role changes Invading force Conquer more land + need for supplies = More Forts Fort Riley established

The Civil War and the Frontier Forts Soldiers stationed at the forts left Forts manned by volunteers Felt less obligation to Fed. Gov’t More aggressive toward American Indians. Americans that lived on Indian lands were called squatters. (Little House on the Prairie)

Tensions Increase: Medicine Lodge Peace Treaties U.S. wanted Peace Reservations Indians completely dependant on Americans Not what the Indians wanted U.S. and 5,000 Indians met at Medicine Lodge Satanta Kiowa Chief Asked why they should trust the government Called building of homes “nonsense” U.S. Promises Protection Schools Farming tools Food Opened the area for American settlement and railroad

Tensions Increase: Medicine Lodge Peace Treaties Cont. Treaty did not bring peace Some tribes went to reservations some did not Treaties and promises were broken Fighting continues.