Harvesting energy Genes and Development Biology 122

Substrate level phosphorylation

Glycolysis The overall energy balance for glycolysis is as follows: Priming -2 ATP [use to add phosphates] Harvest +4 ATP [get from phosphates] +2 NADH __________________________________ Net +2 ATP +2 NADH

Oxidation of pyruvate Acetyl-CoA has a central role in metabolism Not only are sugars broken down to acetyl-CoA, but fats are also broken down to it. In addition, some amino acids in proteins also get broken down into acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA is also used to make fats and some amino acids

The Citric acid cycle Energy summary: The complete oxidation of each acetyl-CoA yields one GTP (equivalent to one ATP) 3 NADHs one FADH 2 two CO 2 molecules are released

ATP synthase tutorialATP synthase tutorial (Marcey site)

ATP synthase animation

Without oxygen NAD + O2O2 NADH ETC in mitochondria Acetyl-CoA Ethanol NAD + CO 2 NAD + H2OH2O Lactate Pyruvate Acetaldehyde NADH With oxygen Krebs Cycle