Coding and processing time use Rachid Bouhia Social and Housing Statistics Section United Nations Statistics Division Time Use Statistics workshop for Arabic speaking countries, Amman,25-28 April 2011

Coding and processing time use data  How to code and process time use data  Coding affects the quality of diary data and the usability of survey results  Most techniques are similar to those for regular surveys. But focus on issues related to activities

Coding and processing time use data 1)Planning and organizing coding and editing operations 2)Coding activities 3)Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities

Coding and processing time use data Briefly illustrate with examples from the French Time Use Survey (EDT) Consists in a left- behind full diary with 2 interviews

Coding and processing time use data 1) Planning and organizing coding and editing operations 2) Coding activities 3) Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities

Planning and organizing coding and editing operations Basic tools for coding activities include (Hoffman, 1995): Coding instructions A coding index for classifying activities A query system

Coding instructions A document gathering all the stages that the coders should get through In EDT 2009: 2 documents

Coding index for classifying activities Verbatim descriptions are translated into the appropriate codes Via keywords In EDT: SICORE software. Automatically translates activities as they are stated into codes

Query system Useful to update the coding index and the classification Clear instructions on when and how coders should raise queries In EDT: SICORE stores all the manual codification. Review by the experts and updates from wave to wave

Coding and processing time use data 1) Planning and organizing coding and editing operations 2) Coding activities 3) Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities

Coding of activities Assumption: after-coded diary is used as opposed to a pre-coded diary Coding consists in determining which group in the classification 2 main issues: i)Level of detail in coding ii)“Field coding” versus “Office coding”

Level of detail in coding In general, for classifications, some countries tend to opt to use less detailed levels because: Actual responses would not support coding to more detailed levels Not possible to publish results for more detailed groups because of the lack of observation Too costly to code a large number of categories

Level of detail in coding But country experiences have shown that this may not necessarily be advantageous for classification of activities: Good strategy to induce respondents to report activities in more rather than less details More information decreases opportunities for coding errors as well as the time needed to find the suitable code for the activity The decision to aggregate results should be made at the tabulation stage rather than the coding stage

Field versus office coding 3 strategies: Respondent does the coding Interviewer “Field coding” Statistical office “Office coding”

Coding by respondent Might be considered for leave-behind or self-completed diary Higher burden on the respondent mostly if the list is detailed Better option: light diary

Field coding After the face-to face interview (not during) Could be computer assisted Advantages: i.An interviewer retain in memory more details than a third person in the office ii.Interviewers gain experience iii.It simplifies procedures because the diaries can be encoded directly

Office coding Most national statistical offices have a specialized coding unit Inconvenient: some distance with the original answer Advantage: more controlled environment which contributes to consistency and uniform application of procedures

In French TUS 3 actors: 1 st stage: Field Coding with SICORE. Classification of about 95% 2 nd stage: Office coding by the coding service of regional directions. >4,9% 3th stage: finalization by the person who nationally supervises the survey (Office coding)

Coding and processing time use data 1) Planning and organizing coding and editing operations 2) Coding activities 3) Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities

Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities Mainly focus on coding rules. 4 scenarios.

Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities Scenario 1: Coding activities that are not clearly described Issue: not enough information to code at the lowest level of the classification Example: “reading” without the type of material (book, periodical…) Solution: In ICATUS, “not fully defined category”. That use should be minimized

Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities Scenario 2: Coding of multiple main activities Issue: Report of more than one activity without differentiating primary from secondary Solution: Take into consideration whether the activities are performed simultaneously or sequentially and the duration of the activities

Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities Scenario 2: Coding of multiple main activities If the activities are simultaneous and one is likely to be the consequence of the other: this later is coded as secondary If the activities are simultaneous and none of them is a consequence: activity mentioned first is the primary If the activities are sequential: the one with the longer duration is the primary If the activities are sequential and with no clear difference in durations: activity mentioned first is the primary

Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities Scenario 3: Coding of secondary activities It is recommended to have the same set of coding for primary and secondary activities However some studies may specify that certain activities are always to be coded as secondary unless they are reported as the only activity Example: Eurostat classification specifies that “Lunch break related to employment” should be always coded as secondary Code for “doing nothing” should not be used to indicate that there is no second activity

Aspects of planning and organizing coding activities Scenario 4: Codes for special situations/activities Main example: travel An activity classification may categorize according to the purpose of the travel Useful tool: viewing a journey as a “circle” Example: an errand (trip to store) during lunch break at work i.Travel to and from work is one circle and have the same purpose (work) and thus have the same code ii.Trip to store is a circle on its own with the workplace as the starting and ending point and store as the turning point

Conclusion  More complication for TUS than regular surveys because of the time diaries  Some specific issues can be raised regarding the edit checks: overlaps, omitted activities…  To get an overview, please refer to the UN guidebook