Dr Nervana Bayoumy TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GUYTON & HALL 11 TH EDITION UNIT VI CHAPTERS

Blood

Objectives  At the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Describe Cellular and non-cellular components of blood. 2. Recognize functions of blood. 3. Define Erythropoiesis; leucopoiesis, thrombopoiesis. 4. Recognize sites of RBC formation at different developmental age 5

5. Describe different stages of RBC differenation. 6. Describe features of RBC maturation. 7. Describe regulation of RBC production and erythropoietin hormone secretion in response to hypoxia. 8. Recognize clinical conditions associated with high level of erythropoitein in the blood. 6 Objectives cont…

Blood Composition

Blood Film

BLOOD COMPOSITION 1. Cellular components: ○ Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) ○ White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) ○ Platelets (Thrombocytes) 2. Plasma: ○ 98% water + ions + plasma proteins e.g. (Albumin, globulin, Fibrinogen) ○ Same ionic composition as interstitial fluid. 10 ECF

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD 1. Transport  O2, CO2, nutrient, hormones, waste product 2. Homoeostasis ○ Regulation of body temperature, ECF pH 3. Protecting against infections ○ White Blood Cells, Antibodies 4. Blood clotting prevent blood loss 11

Blood Volume 5 liter in adult: ○ 45% is packed cells volume (PCV). ○ 55% is plasma volume. 12

Blood Cells Formation  Erythropoiesis: Formation of RBC (erythrocytes)  Leucopoiesis: Formation of WBC (leucocytes)  Thrombopoiesis: Formation of platelets (thrombocytes) 13

Red Blood Cells (RBC):  Function: O 2 transport CO 2 transport Buffer 14

Red Blood Cells  Shape & size Flat Biconcave Disc. Non-nucleated. Diameter 7-8 mm x 2.5 mm, 1 mm. Flexible Average volume mm 3 Number = 4.7 to 5 x10 6 Hb = 34 g/dl of cells Hb = g/dl in the blood 15

Production of RBC In-utero:  Early few weeks of embryo nucleated RBCs are formed in yolk sac.  Middle trimester mainly in liver & spleen & lymph nodes.  Last months RBCs are formed in bone marrow of all bones After Birth:  Bone marrow of flat bone continue to produce RBC into adult life  Shaft of long bone stop to produce RBC at puberty while epiphysis continued 16

Production of RBC 20

Pluripotent Stem Cells in Bone Marrow and Cord Blood By Ambreen Shaikh and Deepa Bhartiya

Genesis (Production) of RBC  All blood cell are formed from Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells  committed cells:  Committed stem cells for RBC  Committed stem cells for WBC  Growth of different stems cells are controlled by different growth factors 24

Genesis (production) of RBC 25

Stages of differentiation of RBC Stages of RBC development: ○ Committed stem cell Proerthroblast basophil erythroblast polychromatophil erythroblast orthochromatic erythroblast Reticulocytes Mature erythrocytes ○ In cases of rapid RBC production   reticlocytes in the circulation. 26

Erythropoiesis RBC development is characterize by: decrease in cell size. disappearance of nucleus. appearance of hemoglobin (Hb) 27

Regulation of RBC production  Erythropoiesis is stimulated by erythropoietin hormone produced by the kidney in response to hypoxia (low oxygen in the blood)   Hypoxia ( oxygen) caused by: Low RBC count (Anaemia) Hemorrhage High altitude Prolong heart failure Lung disease 28

Tissue oxygenation and RBC formation 29

Erythropoietin:  Glycoprotein.  90% from renal cortex 10% liver.  Stimulate the growth of early stem cells.  Does not affect maturation process.  Can be measured in plasma & urine.  Conditions like: anemia High altitude Heart failure Lung Disease Result in High erythropoietin levels and polycythemia 30

Role of the kidneys in RBC formation 31

Objectives At the end of this lecture student should be able to: 1. Describe Cellular and non-cellular components of blood 2. Recognise functions of blood 3. Define Erythropoiesis; leucopoiesis, thrombopoiesis. 4. Recognize sites of RBC formation at different developmental age 32

At the end of this lecture student should be able to: 5. Describe different stages of RBC differentiation. 6. Describe features of RBC maturation. 7. Describe regulation of RBC production and erythropoietin hormone secretion in response to hypoxia. 8. Recognize clinical conditions associated with high level of erythropoitein in the blood 34 Objectives