حافظه

MEMORY REFERS TO  ENCODING  STORAGE  AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION  MEMORY IS A COGNITIVE OR MENTAL PROCESSES.  COGNITION=INTERNAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION.

THREE COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF MEMORY  ENCODING PROCESS OF RECEIVING SENSORY INPUT AND TRANSFORMING IT INTO A CODE THAT CAN BE STORED

 STORAGE IS THE PROCESS OF ACTUALLY PUTTING THE CODED INFORMATION INTO MEMORY.

 RETRIEVAL IS THE PROCESS OF GAINING ACCES TO THE ENCODED, STORED INFORMATION WHEN IT IS TO BE USED.

ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN THEORY  BRIEF STORAGE OF INCOMING INFORMATION IN A SENSORY REGISTER  TRANSFER OF SOME OF THIS INFORMATION TO SHORT TERM MEMORY(STM).  INFORMATIN TRANSFER BY MEANS OF REHEARSAL, FROM STM TO LONG TERM MEMORY(LTM)

SENSORY REGISTER STAGE  INFORMATION HOLD FOR E FEW SECONDS.  HAS RELATIVELY LARGE CAPACITY.  STORES A COPY OF THE SENSORY INPUT.  LOSES INFORMATION THROUGH A PROCESS INVOLVING THE DECAY OF THE MEMORY TRACE.

SHORT TERM MEMORY  HOLDS RELATIVELY SMALL AMOUNT OF INFORMATION ABOUT SEVEN ITEM OR CHUNK FOR 30 SECONDS OR SO.  SOUNDS, IMAGES, WORDS AND SENTENCES CAN BE STORED.  INFORMATION IS LOST BY BEING DISPLACED BY NEW INPUTS.  INFORMATION TRANSFER TO LTM THROUGH MAINTENANCE OR ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL.

LONG TERM MEMORY  INFORMATION IN LTM LASTS FOR DAYS, MONTHS, YEARS OR EVEN A LIFETIME.  CAPACITY OF LTM HAS NO LIMIT.  SEMANTIC MEMORY ARE STORED IN LTM.  INFORMATION LOSE BEACAUSE OF DIFFICULTY WITH THE SEARCH PROCESS OR INTERFERENCE BY OTHER LTMs.

LEVEL OF PROCESSING  BASED ON DEPTH OF ANALYSIS AND ELABORATION OF INFORMATION: 1/ PERCEPTION: MOST SUPERFICIAL DEPTH. 2/ STRUCTURAL LEVEL: DEEPER LEVEL. 3/ MEANING LEVEL: DEEPEST LEVEL THAT GIVING MEANING TO THE INPUT.

LONG TERM MEMORY  SEMANTIC MEMORY: KNOWLEDGE OF WORDS MEANINGS AND THE RULES FOR USING LANGUAGE.  EPISODIC MEMORY: OUR REMEMBERANCES OF EVENTS.

LTM  ORGANIZATION FACILITATE ENCODING AND STORAGE(FORMING IMAGES, CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESSE).  RETRIEVAL CUES AID RITRIEVING INFORMATION.

FORGETTING  FORGETTING REFERS TO LOSS OF INFORMATION ALREADY ENCODED AND STORED IN LTM.  DEPEND ON: INTERFERENCE DIFFICULTY OF RETIEVAL MOTIVATED FORGETTING

AMNESIA  AMNESIA IS A PROFOUND MEMORY DEFICIT DUE TO LOSS OF WHAT HAS BEEN STORED OR THE INABILITY TO FORM NEW MEMORIES.  AMNESIA MEY BE DUE TO BRAIN MULFUNCTION(ALCOHOL-INDUCED AMNESIA) OR PSYCHOLOGICAL AMNESIA.(DREAM AMNESIA)

DEMENTIA  DEMENTIA IS A BIOLOGICAL AMNESIA.  DUE TO DEGENERATIVE OF MYELINE.  ALZHEIMER ’ S DISEASE IS AN EXAMPLE OD DEMENTIA.

IMPROVING MEMORY  CHUNKING: SYSTEMIC WAY OF ENCODING INFORMATION.   INIERHABDUOSAM  MASOUD BAHREINI