Source : Plants & animals 1.Cellulose 2.Starch 3.Cane sugar 4.Pentoses ( corn cobs ) 5.Glucosides.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Carbohydrat Biochemistry AULANNI’AM BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY.

Advertisements

THE MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE Macromolecules are polymers (many units) ; molecules built from one or a few kinds smaller molecules called monomers. POLYMERS.

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES To provide energy through their oxidation To supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components To serve as a stored.

Chapter 17: Carbohydrates

They can be regarded as the complexes of carbon and water. Carbohydrate is a type of organic compounds Containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Because.

 Types of Carbohydrates  Classification of Monosaccharides  D and L Notations from Fischer Projections  Structures of Some Important Monosaccharides.

Introduction to Biochemistry Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy from our diet. composed of the elements C, H and O. also called.

Chapter 14 Carbohydrates

Types of Carbohydrates 16.2 Classification of Monosaccharides 16.3 D and L Notations from Fischer Projections 16.4 Structures of Some Important.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

CHAPTER 15 Carbohydrates. Where in the world do we find carbohydrates? Most abundant organic compound in nature Photosynthesis: plants make glucose using.

CLS 101: Chemistry for Nursing

1 Carbohydrates Chapter 27 Hein * Best * Pattison * Arena Colleen Kelley Chemistry Department Pima Community College © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Version.

Part II Biochemistry IUG, Fall 2013 Dr. Tarek Zaida 1 The branch of chemistry that deals with the different molecules, their structure, composition, and.

Chapter 16 Carbohydrates Denniston Topping Caret 6 th Edition Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 16 Carbohydrates Denniston Topping Caret 5th Edition

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (or saccharides) consist of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Carbohydrates come primarily from plants, however animals can.

Proteins  Maintenance of structures  Proper functioning of all living organisms.

L/O/G/O Presented By: Iin Kurniasih (Jica, 14 November 2011) Presented By: Iin Kurniasih (Jica, 14 November 2011) CARBOHYDRAT E.

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Chapter 5. Macromolecules.

Chapter 25 Biomolecules: Carbohydrates. 2 The Importance of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are… –widely distributed in nature. –key intermediates in metabolism.

Biochemistry Unit.  Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.  The basic unit is called a monosaccharide and includes glucose, fructose,

 All organisms are made of four types of carbon-based molecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids  The molecules have different.

AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are a major energy source for living organisms Carbohydrates always have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Mitochondria.

Carbohydrates. Structure and Function How do we define a carbohydrate? aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups “hydrate” of carbon – C-H 2.

AP Biology 2015 OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules.

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. Carbohydrates formula : (CH 2 O) n Functions of carbohydrates: Energy.

Chapter 18: Carbohydrates

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–13–1 Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances found in living systems.

Carbohydrates Introduction

Chapter 14 Carbohydrates. Chapter Carbohydrates.

Chapter 17: Carbohydrates 17.1 ─ Classes of Carbohydrates 17.2 and 17.3 ─ Stereochemistry and Fischer Projections 17.4 and 17.6 ─ Monosaccharides 17.5.

Macromolecules Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids

Chapter 13 Carbohydrates

1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are  A major source of energy from our diet.  Composed of the elements C, H, and O.  Also called saccharides, which means.

AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules  macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules:

Carbohydrates: What do you need to know?

Σακχαρων Greek “ sakcharon” = sugar. Carbohydrates – polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxy- ketones of formula (CH 2 O) n, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed.

Pasta vs Candy???. ORGANIC COMPOUND Carbohydrates.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Carbohydrates.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 14 Lecture Outline Prepared by Jennifer N. Robertson-Honecker.

AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.

Chapter 3.3 Carbohydrates So what’s all this talk about carbs? Atkin’s diet & South Beach diet reduces carbohydrate intake. That ’ s no pyramid! What.

 CHOs are aldehyde or ketone alcohols containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the hydrogen and oxygen are generally in the same ratio as in water.

Part II Biochemistry The branch of chemistry that deals with the different molecules, their structure, composition, and chemical processes in the living.

Monosaccharide: 1- Triose: C3(H2O)3 or C3H6O3

By: Martin G, Mike C, & Eddie T

Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

Carbonyl Compounds + Carbohydrates and Lipids

For Premedical Students

General Animal Biology

Chapter 15 Carbohydrates

Biological Molecules.

For Premedical Students

The Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibers

3.2 MONOSACCHARIDES.

Carbohydrates!(2.3). Carbohydrates!(2.3) What are Carbohydrates? And more.

For Premedical Students

General Animal Biology

The molecules that form life

For Premedical Students

CARBOHYDRATES LECTURE-01.

Presentation transcript:

Source : Plants & animals 1.Cellulose 2.Starch 3.Cane sugar 4.Pentoses ( corn cobs ) 5.Glucosides

Importance of blood glucose More than half of the energy of the body is provided by the oxidation of glucose. More than half of the energy of the body is provided by the oxidation of glucose. General formula of carbohydrates Cx ( H2O )x or Cn ( H2O )x. The main source of carbs is photosynthesis. X CO2 + y H2O ( sunlight & chlorophyll) Cx ( H2O )y + xO2

Monosaccharides CnH2nOn n = 2 biose n = 3 triose n = 4 tetrose n = 5 pentose n = 6 hexose ( up till 10 ) Like glucose & fructose

Oligosaccharides Like sucrose & maltose. C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O 2C 6 H 12 O 6. C 18 H 32 O 16 + H 2 O 3C 6 H 12 O 6.

POLYSACCHARIDES They yield a large number of monsaccharides on hydrolysis. (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n + nH 2 O n C 6 H 12 O 6.

steriomerism Many carbohydrates contain the same number of atoms and the same kinds of groups, yet are definitely distinct substances. For example, the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 represents 16 different simple sugars. When there several assymetric carbon atoms in a chain and the end molecles are not identical, the number of sterioisomers is 2 n.

OPTICAL ACTIVITY It is the abilility of a compound to rotate the plane of polarization to the left or right when placed in the path of a beam of polarized light. The instrument used for measuring the rotatry power of a substance is called polarimeter. It consists of 2 prisms one the polariser and the other the analyser & between them a tube containing the carbohydrate under test. Rotate clockwise ( + ), anticlockwise ( - ).

polarization

polarization In assymetric molecules such as 1 & 2 there is a net rotation of the plane of polarization. Comparing each isomer with the configuration of glyceraldehyde is generally labeled with the coresponding letter d ( dextro ) or l ( levo )

examples

monosaccharides Glucose It is an aldohexose it has a ring structure however it is readily broken and in many of its reactions it behaves as if having an open chain structure. It is d rotary and thus acquires the name dextrose, it is found in grapes. It is made by the hydrolysis of starch or sucrose.

fructose It is a ketohexose with a structure similar to that of glucose C 6 H 12 O 6. It is regarded as a penta hydroxy ketone. It is found in honey, it is levorotary.

How was the structure of hexoses established? Mol wt analysis showed the formula C 6 H 12 O 6. When treated with acetic anhydride the penta acetate is formed indicating the presence of 5 hydroxyl groups.

How was the structure of hexoses established ? They form oxime when treated with hydroxyl amine, thus they contain a carbonyl group

How was the structure of hexoses established ? A pentahydroxy acid is formed when oxidised with bromine water indicating that carbonyl group is an aldehydic one.

How was the structure of hexoses established ? When reduced with conc HI & red P at 100 o C, a normal hexane is obtained which indicates that the six carbon atoms are in straight chains.

Thank you