Progress and Challenges in the Field of Applied Energy - Addressing the Challenges - Annual ACERC Review Meeting February 20, 2003 Salt Lake City, UT

US Energy Flow Diagram Combustion fraction of total energy (85%) Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2001

Environmental Impacts

Challenges for Combustion Pollutants (NO x, SO x, PM xx ) NO x (SCR performance, biomass) PM xx (soot from vehicles, pool fires) Hg Speciation Sustainable/green-house-gas-neutral Energy Biomass (reactivity, NO x, deposition, corrosion, fly ash utilization) Black Liquor (reactivity, aerosols, gasification) Operations Corrosion, Ash Utilization, Black Liquor Gasification Modeling (pulverized coal, fixed bed, fluid bed)

Pollutants

Particulate Matter Projects Characterization of Source PM – NSF/CONACyT Source apportionment Factor Scores Factor Loadings

PM Projects Characterization of PM – Military Vehicles - SERDP

Soot C-SAFE – Center for the Simulation of Accidental Fires and Explosions

Soot PARTICLEPARTICLE MOLECULARMOLECULAR 1 ms 10 ms 50 ms Oxidation Agglomeration Growth Particle inception Growth in MW PAH formation Precursors Modeling by Violi, Voth, Sarofim Modeling by Sarofim, Lighty – Aerosol dynamic eqs. Growth dynamics Oxidation kinetics Experimental work by Eddings, Sarofim, Lighty, Pugmire Soot deposition – Eddings, Sarofim

Mercury Control 1470 tons emitted by coal-fired Power Plants (1995) 105 metric tons by North American Power Plants

CO2-Neutral/ Renewable Sources

Cofiring Best Uses Resource

Field Unit Design Slip-stream sample with continuous, unmanned NO x and NH 3 monitoring. Chambers for testing six catalysts simultaneously. Established agreements with four catalyst vendors (Hitachi, Siemens, Haldor-Topsoe, and Chormetec) supplying five catalyts. Designed for six-month deployment.

3-D Particle Recreation

Operations

Required Aerating Agent

Large Difference in Deposit Behavior

Alternative/Renewable Sources Black Liquor Gasification/DOE Investigation of bed properties Investigation of fuel conversion/gas production Modeling of conversion CFD modeling of FB

Summary Combustion dominates energy production world wide. Energy use and economies correlate strongly in developed countries. Combustion processes create environmental challenges, especially air quality. These include NO x, SO x, PM 10, PM 2.5, CO, O 3, CO 2, Hg, acid rain Improved combustion engineering has directly led to about a 25% decrease in criteria pollutant concentrations over the last 30 years even as GDP has increased 160% and population has increased 40%. Future challenges (global warming, toxic metals, and sustainable supplies) are more formidable than past issues.

Conclusion Engineers well trained in combustion sciences are and continue to be in very high demand. Most formidable combustion challenges require technical solutions, the development of which are likely to come from engineering disciplines.

Vapor deposition Vapor deposition flux [g/m 2 /h]