Ecology Review By Denise M. Green Population Community Biosphere Habitat Niche

Population Review Size of population = N Density Dispersion Age Survivorship POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

Survivorship Types I – most individual survive to middle age with high mortality rate after that : humans II- likelihood of death is the same at any age: invertebrates III- most individuals die young with a few surviving to reproductive age and beyond: oysters and other free swimming larvae POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

Population growth Biotic potential Carrying capacity Limiting factors Density dependent-disease, food Density independent-natural disasters POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

Growth of a population r = reproductive rate or growth rate N = population size r = births – deaths / N Two patterns: exponential growth and logistical growth POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

A population of 265 swans was introduced to Circle Lake. The population’s birth rate is swans/year per capita, and the death rate is swans/year per capita. What is the rate of the population growth per capita, and is it increasing or decreasing? Round to the nearest thousandth. r = b – d = – = increasing

Exponential growth Simulation: POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

Logistical Growth As the size of the population increases, the reproductive rate increases until carrying capacity is reached. K = carrying capacity POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

Changes in population size. POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

Community Ecology Competitive exclusion principle Resource partitioning Character displacement Realized niche

Predation True predator Parasite Parasitoid herbivore

Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Coevolution Secondary compounds Camouflage (cryptic coloration) Aposemastic coloration- a conspicuous coloration to warn predators that they sting, bite, are poisonous Mimicry Mullerian- several animals all with the same defense mimic each other in coloration Batesian mimicry- animal without a defense mimics an animal with a defense in coloration

Ecological succession Primary succession Secondary succession

Ecosystems trophic levels Primary producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Dendritivores Only 10% of energy from one level passes on to the next trophic level due to use at first trophic level.

Ecosystems and Energy Flow Primary productivity is amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs GPP- total energy NPP- net productivity Rs- respiration NPP = GPP – Rs Biomass = primary productivity reflected as dry Weight of organic material Secondary productivity = rate at which consumers convert chemical energy of food to their own biomass

Biogeochemical Cycles

Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes

Human Impact Increase of Greenhouse effect Ozone layer depletion Acid rain Desertification Deforestation Pollution Reduction in species diversity

B D C E D A

E C B B A

E C