Information Modelling Holistic Technique

Rich Picture Root Definition Conceptual Model Cognitive Map SSM Multiview SODA Soft Methodology

3 Buying a house

4 Rich Picture Understanding of a situation Represent the problem situation Should be self explanatory Cartoon-like representation that identifies all the stakeholders, their relationships, concerns, and some of the structure underlying the work context. Rich pictures are generally constructed by interviewing people. (iterative process)

5 Rich Picture Approach: – Elements of structure (refers to aspects of the work context that are slow to change. These might be things such as the organizational hierarchy of a firm, geographic localities, physical equipment, and so on. Most important, it includes all the people who will use or could conceivably be affected by the introduction of the new system.) – Elements of process (what is going on: refers to the transformations that occur in the process of the work. These transformations might be part of a flow of goods, documents, or data).

6 Rich Picture Concerns is the most useful component, for the purposes of this paper. Checklandmcalls them “issues.” It captures more clearly the idea of a particular individual’s motivation for using the system. These different motivations give rise to the different perspectives each person has.

7 The Life of Scholars

8 WeGrowItBig - allotment society

9 Plot holders confirmation

10 offer vacant plots

11 Total system

12 College Library Loans System

13 Advantages of Rich pictures Picture is worth a thousand words Sort out the fundamentals of the situation Summary of a situation Help move thinking from ‘thinking about the problem situation’ to ‘thinking about what can be done about the problem situation’ Disadvantages of rich pictures Not well-used as DFD, ERD ect. Might be regarded as a joke

14 Factory

15 Web Design Consultancy

16 Root Definition CATWOE: WHO is doing WHAT for WHOM to whom are they ANSWERABLE What ASSUMPTION are being made In what ENVIRONMENT is this happening Actor, Transformation, Client, Owner, Weltanschauung = raison d’etre, Evironment

17 CATWOE Clients - (those who more or less directly benefit or suffer e.g. customers) from the machinations of the... Actors – Stakeholders, the players (individuals, groups, institutions and agencies), who perform the scenes, read and interpret the script, regulate, push and improvise. Identify and examine the role of local and institutional actors.... who undertake the..... Transformations - what processes, movements, conversions of X take place? What is the nature of the production and service transformations? What is the content and processes involved from ingredients to a sandwich, from mixed, varied data to information, from an idea to a performance concept or marketable product etc? What are the transformations that generate a product or a service? How are they achieved? How well are they performing?

18 CATWOE Weltanschauung or world-view - what is going on in the wider world that is influencing and shaping the "situation" and need for the system to adapt? Owners - the activity is ultimately "controlled" or paid for by owners or trustees. Who are they and what are their imperatives? How do they exercise their ownership power? Are their other stakeholders - who claim a stake and a right to be involved i.e. as legitimate quasi-owners. Ownership and the human activity occurs within an Environment - the trends, events and demands of the political, legal, economic, social, demographic, technological, ethical, competitive, natural environments provide the context for the situation and specific problem arena. We need to understand these.

19 Checkland :aircraft landing system (transformation) the incoming aircraft approaches from a height and a distance. The goal is safe landing on the runway. The actors are the pilots (human and auto), the clients - the passengers, crew, air traffic controllers, ground staff and people living under the runway. The owners include the airline owners and their agents (the managers) The environment: air lanes, traffic conditions and geographic features, regulation of landing and take-off slots at the airport, competition from other airports. The weltanschauung may involve the rise in passenger traffic, competition between international airports, the airport-housing environment, high concern for safety and high technology operations.

20 A computer lab at SEIDET An SEIDET Center owned system to create a better standard of living by delivering literate users in the Siyabuswa community by using the tutors at the SEIDET Center. The training should be tailored to the needs and the expectations of the community.

21 Hospital system- the patient

22 Hospital system- the doctor

23 Hospital system- the administrator

24 Root definition - advantages Clarify the the situation Exposing different views Core purpose of the system Root definition elaborate the core transformation

25 Conceptual Model What ought to happen to achieve the goal in the specified root definition Compare with reality and try to identify the changes needed

26 Examination system

27 Registering students

28 Cognitive map

29 Cognitive map

30 IDENTIFY INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OBSTACLES IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS IN SAUDI ARABIA

31 1- Network steering committee relevant system:to represent participant organizations to set up a mission and establish co-ordination mechanisms for collaboration among different public organizations in order to address the highest strategic priorities of their organizations. A Saudi government owned national computer network system to provide an implementable technology plan by means of consensus decision making methodologies for the purpose of enhancing the ICT and network services between different Saudi public organizations. A CATWOE analysis reveals: C: Public organization's management and IT professionals. A: Computer network and IT professionals. T: The need to create a steering team to look after the new system. W: It is necessary for the organizations to create a steering team. O: The organizations internal bodies as well as the government. E: Environmental constraints: Saudi culture, regulations, social and political pressures, speed of growth of technology, Saudi organizations regulations and policy, network infrastructure, hardware and software, hackers, software viruses and budget constraints. The main requirements of the steering committee can be defined as follows: - Establish an effective decision-making team that has actors from concerned organizations. - To provide and use effective decision making techniques. - To make actors aware of and familiar with the latest technologies. root definitions of the system relevant to the above expressed problem situation

32 root definitions of the system relevant to the above expressed problem situation 2- Monitoring and maintenance relevant system: System should be maintained as soon as it has been implemented. It is estimated that maintenance consumes more than half of the resources available in an IS department. The new system should be monitored and maintained without interruption. Therefore maintenance should be organized with computer centers and IT suppliers. The root definition : Saudi organization-owned subsystem to maintain and monitor their computer network system in order to avoid interruptions and to monitor network activates in order to improve effectiveness by means of network professionals. A CATWOE analysis reveals: C: Public organization's management committees and IT professionals. A: Computer network and IT professionals. T: The need to create a monitoring and maintenance team. W: It is necessary for the Saudi organizations to construct monitoring and maintenance team. Establishing such a team is feasible and desirable. O: Public organization's management bodies and the government. E: Environmental constraints: Saudi culture, regulations, social and political pressures, speed of growth of technology, Saudi organization's regulations and policy, network infrastructure hardware and software, hackers, software viruses and budget constraints. The main requirements : - Monitoring network performance. - Establish quality assurance criteria. - Determine obstacles such as lack of funds, people, technology, etc. - Provide security privileges to protect data as well confidentiality and privacy. - Assess and adjust network services. - Prepare IT specialists for network activities.

33 root definitions of the system relevant to the above expressed problem situation 3- Communications relevant system: provide and receive services respectively. Our initial survey indicates that lack of communications was rated as one of the main obstacles to better interaction between different organizations. The root definition : Public organization-owned network subsystem to deliver information, knowledge and expertise by organization's staff to achieve effective communication across organizational boundaries within and between the organizations environments. A CATWOE analysis reveals: C: Organization's management committees and IT professionals. A: Computer network, IT professionals and organization's staff. T: The need to create communication channels and the need to identify end-users and their applications. W: It is necessary that the Saudi organizations communicate and co-ordinate their efforts. Communication and co-operation are required and feasible. O: Public organization's management bodies. E: Environmental constraints: Saudi culture, regulations, social and political pressures, speed of growth of technology, Saudi organization's regulations and policy, network infrastructure, hardware and software, hackers, software viruses and budget constraints. The main requirements : - Define information and knowledge needs to be shared. - Identify end-user applications that are needed. - Organize network services and provide access to network services. - Deliver an effective communication mechanism.

34 root definitions of the system relevant to the above expressed problem situation 4- Education and training relevant system: Maximum benefits cannot be gained from any organization unless staff receives an excellent training. Therefore, an adequate training program must be provided. The root definition : Public organization-owned subsystem to provide ICT related education and training in order to gave organization's staff the required knowledge, skills and competencies by means of defined education and training programs in the use of network services and facilities, effectively and efficiently, according to the organization's information policy and regulations. A CATWOE analysis reveals: C: Public organization's staff and IT professionals. A: Computer network and IT professionals. T: The needs for trained experienced people to run and use the new system. W: Adequate computer training that offers knowledge and experience to all of the organization's computer staff is important. O: Public organization's management bodies. E: Environmental constraints: Saudi culture, regulations, social and political pressures, speed of growth of technology, Saudi organizations regulations and policy, network infrastructure hardware and software, hackers, software viruses and budget constraints. The main requirements : - Provide sufficient tools and facilities for IT professionals. - Supply instruction guidance and manuals that can be easily understood. - Offer suitable courses to cover specific topics. - Provide well-trained lecturers.

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36 SSM Methodology Unstractured Problem Situation Expressed Problem Situation Relevent System Conceptual Comarison Assessing Action

37 Multiview Analysis of human activity Analysis of function model Analysis and design of the socio-technical aspects Design of the human-computer interface Design of technical aspects

38 SODA Second phase