The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, both at University of Manchester, UK “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”. Andre Geim Born: 1958, Sochi, Russia Konstantin Novoselov Born: 1974, Nizhny Tagil, Russia The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 The Key Paper The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Diamond

Mechanical exfoliation 0.142 nm 0.123 nm A B Mechanical exfoliation The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 HALL BAR Fabricate Isolate Identify Attach electrodes Electric characterization The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Single layers, AFM-pictures 2nm 0nm 0.5nm Novoselov, Geim et al., Science 306 (2004) 666 Geim och Novoselov, Science (2004) The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Electronic structure of graphene It was realized early on that the E-k relation is linear for low energies near the six corners of the two-dimensional hexagonal Brillouin zone, leading to zero effective massfor electrons and holes. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Anomalous quantum Hall effect Klaus von Kitzling, 1985 Ordinary integer QHE Graphene: half integer QHE The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Klein tunnelling 1D 2D Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim, Nature Physics 2006 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Young and Kim, Nature Physics 2009

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Breaking strength 42 N/m ->100 times stronger than the strongest steel A 1 m2 hammock would weigh 0.77 mg ≈ a whisker and would be strong enough to carrty a 4 kg cat The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Lee et al., Science 321 (2008) 385

Transparent conductor Transparent and colorless The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Nair et al., Science 320 (2008) 1308

GRAPHENE First true 2D material, even at room temperature Linear dispersion relation E= c p = c hk, Massless excitations Light 0.77 mg/m2 Ultra strong 45N/m, >100 times stronger than steel Stretchable up to 20% Elektron mobility 200 000 cm2/Vs (teor.) Conductivity Better than copper (teor.) Optically transparent: absorbs only 2.3% =pa Thermal conductivity: conducts heat 10 times better than Ag at RT The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Future applications Transparent conductor Touch Screens, Solar Cells, light panels May replace Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Elektronics Flexible elektronics High speed transistors, IBM Strong material Composite material with graphene Airplanes, cars, satellites Sensors Gas sensors, … Metrologiy Resistance standard with QHE, alreadt as good as GaAs The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Large surfaces and touch screens Keun Soo Kim, et al., Nature 457, 706 (2009). X. Li, et al., Science 324, 1312 (2009). Samsung The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Density of charge carriers as a function of the concentration Conductance as a function of the concentration Time dependence for exposure to different gases Shedin et al. Nature materials 6 (2007) 652 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Superfast transistors ” month’s news” 16 September 2010, Nature: 323 GHz 5 Feb 2010, Science: 100GHz L. Liao, et al., Nature, 467 (2010) 305 Y.-M. Lin, et al., Science 327, 662 (2010) The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

DNA Translocation through Graphene Nanopores—nanosized holes that can transport ions and molecules—are very promising devices for genomic screening, in particular DNA sequencing. Solid-state nanopores currently suffer from the drawback, however, that the channel constituting the pore is long, 100 times the distance between two bases in a DNA molecule (0.5 nm for single-stranded DNA). This paper provides proof of concept that it is possible to realize and use ultrathin nanopores fabricated in graphene monolayers for single-molecule DNA translocation. The pores are obtained by placing a graphene flake over a microsize hole in a silicon nitride membrane and drilling a nanosize hole in the graphene using an electron beam. As individual DNA molecules translocate through the pore, characteristic temporary conductance changes are observed in the ionic current through the nanopore, setting the stage for future single-molecule genomic screening devices. DNA Translocation through Graphene Nanopores G. F. Schneider, et al. Nano Lett., July 7 2010 DNA sequencing The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane S. Garaj, et al., Nature, Sept. 9 2010 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Sekvensering av DNA G. F. Schneider, et al. Nano Lett., July 7 2010 S. Garaj, et al., Nature, Sept. 9 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Hagan Bayley, Nature 467, 9 Sept. 2010 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010