Digestive Systems Miss Tonnessen

Monogastric Having a stomach with one compartment Swine Can store only small amounts of food at any one time Most digestion takes place in the small intestine Unable to break down large amounts of roughage

Polygastric Animals have a stomach with four compartments Rumen Reticulum Abomasum Omasum Sheep & Cattle Ability to break down plant fibers Store more efficiently Regurgitate food “chews cud”

Rumen Fermentation site Largest compartment Lined with finger-like structures Papilla Along with reticulum, known as the fore-stomach Adult dairy cow’s rumen can hold approx. 49 gal of water Adult sheep’s rumen can hold approx gal

Reticulum Honeycomb or “Hardware Compartment” 4.25 gal capacity First chamber of the stomach Magnets can be used Aids in regurgitation

Abomasum “True Stomach” Most similar to the simple stomach

Omasum Folds along lining Water absorption Squeezes out the water from the feed Reduces particle size Cattle—up to 2 gallons Sheep—1 quart

Group Activity In groups, you will use your smart phone or iPad and research on of the following stomachs/compartments: Simple Stomach (monogastric) Rumen (polygastric) Reticulum (polygastric) Omasum (polygastric) Abomasum (polygastric) You will research approximate size in different animals, the function/purpose, facts, appearance, etc. You will present your findings to your peers before class is over

Nutrient Classes Water Largest component of nearly all living things Muscles and internal organs of animals contain 75% or more water Least expensive Can only live a matter of days without Nutrients are dissolved or suspended for transport throughout the body Regulates body temperature

Nutrient Classes Protein Major component of muscles and tissues Made from nitrogen compounds (amino acids) Monogastric animals need specific amino acids Polygastric—quantity is more important than quality Necessary for healthy reproduction Young animals need it for body growth

Nutrient Classes Carbohydrate (CHO) Composed of sugars and starches Provide energy and heat to animals Simple sugars used in animal feeds: Glucose, fructose, and galactose Compound sugars Sucrose, maltose, lactose Complex forms of CHO Starch and cellulose Make up 75% of animal rations

Nutrient Classes Minerals Skeleton is composed mostly of minerals Endocrine, circulatory, urinary, and nervous systems is heavily dependent on various minerals 15 essential minerals Mineral supplements are important

Nutrient Classes Vitamins Acquired by animals in several ways Roughages and concentrates Made by the body itself Minute quantities Act mostly as catalysts for other body processes Used in the body for: Clotting of blood Forming bones Reproducing Keeping membranes healthy Producing milk Preventing certain nervous system disorders

Nutrient Classes Fat Small amounts required in most animal diets Improves palatability, flavor, texture, and and energy levels Can increase milk production and aids in fattening of meat animals As carriers of fat-soluble vitamins

Nutrient Demands Roughages Dry Timothy hay, bromegrass, alfalfa, soybean hay Green High moisture content Sugar beets Silage Storage and fermentation of green crops Ration Very specific proportion of feed to meet specific need

Nutrient Demands Concentrates Corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, milo Grain by-products Wheat bran, wheat middlings, brewer’s grain, and distiller’s grain Soybean meal Polygastrics can handle more roughages because of rumen Monogastrics need more concentrates