Kingdoms of the Living World Classically 2 Kingdoms Classically 2 Kingdoms They were : They were : Plants Plants Animals Animals

Kingdoms of the Living World Today 5 Kingdoms: Today 5 Kingdoms: Monera – Bacteria and Blue-green Algae Monera – Bacteria and Blue-green Algae Fungi – Fungi and Slime-molds Fungi – Fungi and Slime-molds Protista – Protozoans Protista – Protozoans Plants Plants Animals Animals

KINGDOM PROTISTA

What is a Protozoan ??? Single celled Eukaryotic organisms Single celled Eukaryotic organisms Eu – True Eu – True Karyotic - Nucleus Karyotic - Nucleus

Possess organelles to carry out complex functions Possess organelles to carry out complex functions Respiration – Cell membrane Respiration – Cell membrane Water Balance – Contractile vacuoles Water Balance – Contractile vacuoles Digestion – Food Vacuoles Digestion – Food Vacuoles Locomotion – Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopodia Locomotion – Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopodia

Locomotion Flagella Flagella Present in Flagellates (Euglenozoa, Dinoflagellata) Present in Flagellates (Euglenozoa, Dinoflagellata) Built like a cable Built like a cable Arise from Kinetosome – provides energy Arise from Kinetosome – provides energy Beats like an Oar Beats like an Oar Jerky movement Jerky movement

Locomotion Cilia Cilia Present in Ciliates (Ciliophora) Present in Ciliates (Ciliophora) Identical to Flagella – Only shorter Identical to Flagella – Only shorter Kinetosomes connected by Kinetodermal fibers Kinetosomes connected by Kinetodermal fibers Allows for coordination – smooth movement Allows for coordination – smooth movement

Locomotion Pseudopodia Pseudopodia Present in Amoeba Present in Amoeba Moves on substrate, rather than swimming Moves on substrate, rather than swimming

Autotrophs- self feeding Autotrophs- self feeding Heterotrophs – eat others Heterotrophs – eat others Holozoic- eat pieces of food Holozoic- eat pieces of food Saprozoic- absorb nutrients across cell membrane - molecular level Saprozoic- absorb nutrients across cell membrane - molecular level Nutrition

Nutrition in various groups Chlorophyta - Autotrophs Chlorophyta - Autotrophs Ameoba-like animals Ameoba-like animals Phagocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Pinocytosis Ciliophora – Heterotrophs Ciliophora – Heterotrophs Apicomplexa - Parasites Apicomplexa - Parasites

Osmoregulation Water balance Water balance Contractile Vacuole Contractile Vacuole Freshwater – Cells Hypertonic to surroundings – Pick up water Freshwater – Cells Hypertonic to surroundings – Pick up water Marine – Cells Hypotonic to surroundings – loose water Marine – Cells Hypotonic to surroundings – loose water Parasites - Isotonic Parasites - Isotonic

Reproduction Asexual Asexual Binary fission Binary fission Budding Budding Multiple fission Multiple fission Schizogony Schizogony Sporogony – multiple fission preceded by union of gametes Sporogony – multiple fission preceded by union of gametes

Reproduction Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Union of gametes Union of gametes Isogametes Isogametes Anisogametes Anisogametes

Reproduction Encystment vs. Excystment Encystment vs. Excystment During harsh environmental conditions During harsh environmental conditions Build a thick coat – Encystment Build a thick coat – Encystment Conditions favorable – break the coat - Excystment Conditions favorable – break the coat - Excystment

Phylum: Chlorophyta Asexual – Binary fission Asexual – Binary fission Colonial forms - Volvox Colonial forms - Volvox

Ciliates Paramecium Paramecium Asexual – Binary fission Asexual – Binary fission

Ciliates Paramecium Paramecium Sexual Reproduction – Conjugation Sexual Reproduction – Conjugation 2 types of Nuclei 2 types of Nuclei Macronucleus Macronucleus Micronucleus Micronucleus

Apicomplexa Most are parasitic Most are parasitic Usually 2 types of hosts Usually 2 types of hosts Definitive host – Final host Definitive host – Final host Intermediate host – mode of transport Intermediate host – mode of transport Plasmodium causes Malaria Plasmodium causes Malaria

Sensory / Defense Structures Ciliates – Trichocysts Ciliates – Trichocysts Euglenozoa – Stigma / Eyespot Euglenozoa – Stigma / Eyespot Apicomplexa – Parasitic (so no structures) Apicomplexa – Parasitic (so no structures)

Higher Classification of Protozoans Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina (e.g., Amoeba) Subphylum Sarcodina (e.g., Amoeba) Subphylum Mastigophora Subphylum Mastigophora Class Phytomastigophora (e.g., Euglena and Volvox) Class Phytomastigophora (e.g., Euglena and Volvox) Class Zoomastigophora (e.g., Trypanosoma) Class Zoomastigophora (e.g., Trypanosoma)

Higher Classification of Protozoans Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Apicomplexa Class Coccidea (parasites of invertebrates) Class Coccidea (parasites of invertebrates) Class Sporozoa (e.g., Plasmodium- malaria) Class Sporozoa (e.g., Plasmodium- malaria) Mosquito is the vector; human is the host Mosquito is the vector; human is the host

Higher Classification of Protozoans Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates) Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates) All have cilia All have cilia All have macronucleus (i.e., vegetative) All have macronucleus (i.e., vegetative) All have micronucleus (i.e., reproductive) All have micronucleus (i.e., reproductive) All have cytostome All have cytostome