Alfred the Great Unified The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

England King Alfred the Great united the various kingdoms of England that had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings Angles, Saxons, Germanic people were united

Norman Conquest 10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King Harold of England at the battle of Hastings William was then crowned King of England Norman knights received land as a fief and swore allegiance to the king Marriage of French & Anglo-Saxons led to a new English culture Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions = office of sheriff, census called Domesday Book William further developed taxation & royal courts

William I, the Conqueror Brought Norman Feudalism To England

Henry II Henry II enlarged English monarchy Expanded the power of the royal courts & king’s power/increased # of criminal cases tried on the king’s court Common law replaced law codes across the kingdom Tried to control Church but failed Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said only Roman Catholic Church could try clergy Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was outraged & backed down

Magna Carta English nobles resented the growth of the king’s power/ rebellion was raised against King John 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta Magna Carta = feudal document, written recognition that the power of the king was limited 13 th century, under Edward I = English parliament emerged Parliament = 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town, and all the bishops & nobles throughout England

John Was Forced To Sign the Magna Carta in 1215

English Parliament Eventually 2 houses were formed Nobles & church lords formed = House of the Lords Knights & townspeoples = House of Commons Parliaments granted taxes & passed laws

Edward I Called a Parliament Of Lords and Commons

French Kingdom Kingdom of France was 1/3 of the former Carolingian empire Hugh Capet was chosen to be king by west Frankish nobles establishing the Capetian dynasty Capetians had little power & only controlled the land around Paris/ Dukes had more power than kings Phillip II of Augustus = was the turning point in the French monarchy Phillip waged war against England & gained control of the Normandy, Maine, Anjou, & Aquitaine

French Kingdom Phillip II successors continued to add land to the Kingdom 13 th century, Louis IX ruled/ deeply religious man who later made a saint by the Catholic church/Known for his attempts bring justice to his people Phillip IV, Phillip the Fair, effective in strengthening the French monarchy & expanding the royal bureaucracy Phillip IV started a French parliament/Estates General

Philip IV Called the Estates- General to Raise Taxes

Holy Roman Empire German kings attempted to rule both German & Italian lands but struggled to do so Frederick’s attempt to conquer northern Italy caused problems Pope opposed him fearing that he wanted to include Rome & the papal states Northern Italian cities did not want to be his subjects Alliance of Italian cities & pope defeated Frederick I in 1176 Frederick II also waged a war against the pope & northern cities & lost

East & Central Europe Slavic people divided into 3 groups: western, eastern, & southern Slavs Western Slavs formed the Polish & Bohemian kingdoms Poles, Czechs, Hungarians were all converted to Christianity by German Monks Eastern Slavic people were converted to Orthodox Christianity by two Byzantine missionary brothers; Cyril & Methodius Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians were converted to Eastern Orthodoxy

St. Cyril and St. Methodius