INTRO. TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1. Functions of all Living Things 1. Organization 2. Metabolism 1.Absorb materials Digestion Digestion 2.Respiration.

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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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INTRO. TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1

Functions of all Living Things 1. Organization 2. Metabolism 1.Absorb materials Digestion Digestion 2.Respiration Circulation Circulation 3.Excretion 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth 5. Development 6. Reproduction

Anatomy & PhysiologyGross DevelopmentalMicroscopic Physiology Surface Specialty Systemic Regional Embryology Congenital Defects Cell Histophysiology System Pathological Cytology Histology Medical Radiographic Surgical

Levels of Organization Chemical/ Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism

11 Major Organ Systems 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Lymphatic 5. Respiratory 6. Digestive 7. Nervous 8. Endocrine 9. Cardiovascular 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive

Frame of Reference Superficial Anatomy 1. Anatomical Landmarks  Anatomical Position -Supine- face up -Prone- face down 2. Anatomical Regions  Abdominopelvic quadrants (R/L- U&LQ)  Abdominopelvic regions (9)

Frames of Reference Superficial Anatomy 3. Anatomical Directions a. Front: ventral, anterior b. Back: dorsal, posterior c. Head: cranial, cephalic, superior d. Tail: caudal, inferior e. Medial: close to long axis f. Lateral: away from long axis g. Proximal: toward attached base h. Distal: away from attached base

Sectional Anatomy Human Planes & Sections 1. Transverse/ Cross sxn  Inf & sup 2. Frontal/ Coronal  Ant/ ventral from post/ dorsal (animal: Ven/ Dl) 3. Sagittal  Right from left  Mid Sagittal

Body Cavities 1. Cavity: organ chambers 2. Functions: a)Protects & cushions b)Organ size/ shape changes 3. Dorsal Body Cavity a)Cranial b)Spinal 4. Ventral Body Cavity a)Thoracic- diaphragm  Pleural  Pericardial  Mediastinum b)Abdominopelvic/ Peritoneal  Abdominal  Pelvic

Serous membranes  Membranes that line trunk cavities and cover the organs in those cavities  Two layers  VISCERAL: Inner layer in contact with organ  PARIETAL: OUTER PART OF WALL  Space in between usually filled with fluid  Balloon model

Homeostasis & System Integration 1. Homeostasis:  Systems maintain stable internal envmt A. Negative Feedback (temperature, insulin)  Oppose altered conditions  Autoregulation- automatic change  Extrinsic regulation- nervous or endocrine response when autoreg. fails B. Positive Feedback (clotting, labor)  Reinforces stimulus/ conditions C. Disease  Homeostasis regulation breaks down

Negative & Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Positive Feedback

Clinical Technology 1. X-Rays  High energy radiation 2. CT (Computerized Tomography) Scans  3D image by rotating x-ray source 3. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)  Magnetic field & radio waves 4. Ultrasound (AKA Sonogram)  High freq. sound waves