UNIT 5 CH.14 The Civil War

The War Begins Lincoln’s Inaugural Address  Assured South he would not interfere with slavery  No state has the right to break up the Union Fort Sumter, South Carolina  Lincoln sends food; Fort Sumter is attacked  War begins April 12, 1861 Secession of Upper South  Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas; join Confederacy Border States  Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky  Remained in the Union party due to federal policies

Wartime Strengths and Weaknesses- North Military  conquer large territory  22 million people  Loyal navy Economic  Controlled most banking and capital  85% of factories  70% of RRs  65% of farmland Political  Strong central government  Bureaucracy (logistical support)

Wartime Strengths and Weaknesses- South Military  Defensive strategy  Move troops and supplies short distances  5.5 million people Economic  Relied on overseas demand for cotton  Always short on money Political  Weak central government

The Confederate States of America President Jefferson Davis Modeled after U.S. Constitution Line-item veto Congress could not levy protective tariffs or appropriate funds for internal improvements

First Years of War First Battle of Bull Run (Virginia, July 1861)  Confederate forces repel Union attack  Myth that Rebels were invincible Union Strategy  Naval blockade  Control Mississippi River (cut CSA in half)  Take Richmond Peninsula Campaign  General George McClellan (US) invaded Virginia  General Robert E. Lee (CS) repelled the attack  Lincoln replaces McClellan with General John Pope

First Years of War Second Battle of Bull Run  Lee attacks Pope in northern Virginia  Pope retreats to DC  Pope is replaced by McClellan Antietam  Lee’s army invades Maryland  McClellan knew of the attack and intercepted Lee’s army  Bloodiest single day of combat (22,000 casualties)  Lee retreats to Virginia  McClellan does not pursue  McClellan is removed from command  Union claims this as a victory

First Years of War Fredericksburg (VA)  General Ambrose Burnside (US)- strategy of “reckless attack”  Lee wins Monitor (US) vs. Merrimac (CS)  Ironclad ships fought near Virginia for 5 hours; ended in a draw Grant in the West  Ulysses S. Grant used gunboats and army maneuvers to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River  Opened the state of Mississippi to Union attack  Grant attacked at Shiloh, TN; Confederates lose, but huge casualties on both sides

Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy Trent Affair  Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell, going to England  Union warship stops the British ship (Trent) and brings the men to the U.S. as prisoners of war  Britain threatens war, the men are released; failed to obtain full diplomatic recognition Confederate Raiders  Union merchant ships were raided off the coasts of France and England Failure of Cotton Diplomacy  Cotton from the South was replaced by cotton from India and Egypt

End of Slavery Confiscation Acts (1861 & 1862)  Slaves were freed by the Union army as “contraband” and allowed to serve in the U.S. army if they wished Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863)  Freed all slaves in states that were in rebellion  Lincoln also encouraged border states to emancipate slaves with compensation to owners  Gave added purpose to the war Thirteenth Amendment (Dec. 1865)  Freed slaves in the United States  4 million people freed Freedmen in the War  200,000 black Americans served in the army and navy

Union Triumphs Vicksburg  General Ulysses S. Grant (US) bombarded Vicksburg, MS for 7 weeks before the Confederates surrendered  The US now controlled the Miss. River Gettysburg  Lee hoped to destroy the Union army or capture a major city to force a peace agreement  He invaded Pennsylvania  Bloodiest battle and most decisive battle of the war  Lee’s army would never go on the offensive again

Grant in Command Grant was made commander of all Union armies in 1864  He used attrition and total war to defeat the South Sherman's March  General William Tecumseh Sherman set out from Tennessee and went to Columbia, SC  On the way his army destroyed homes, fields, livestock; anything that could be used to help the Confederate army  Sept burned Atlanta and Feb burned Columbia

Election 0f 1864 Democrats- nominated General George McClellan Republicans- nominated Lincoln with a Democratic running mate, Andrew Johnson Lincoln wins 212 electoral votes to McClellan’s 12

End of the War Surrender at Appomattox  By April 1865 Richmond had been captured and Lee was forced to surrender at the Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 Assassination of Lincoln  Southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln on April 14, 1865  Secretary of State William Seward was also attacked that night but survived

Political Change Civil Liberties  Writ of habeas corpus suspended in southern sympathizing states  Some civilians were subject to military trials The draft  Conscription Act of 1863 made all men between 20 and 45 liable for military service  Could find a substitute or pay $300 to avoid service  Riots broke out in New York Political dominance of the North  Power rested with the northern states  Supremacy of the federal government was an established fact  Abolition of slavery changed the meaning of democracy in America

Financing the War Sold $2.6 billion in government bonds, raised taxes, raised tariffs, and instituted the first income tax U.S. Treasury issued $430 million in Greenbacks which contributed to inflation National Banking system was created in 1863

Modernizing Northern Society Wars need for mass production and complex organization sped up the consolidation of manufacturing Morrill Tariff Act  raised tariffs Homestead Act  160 acres of free land on Great Plains if farmed for 5 yrs Morrill land Grant Act  profits from sale of federal land to set up agricultural colleges Pacific Railway Act  authorized transcontinental railroad over a northern route

Social Change Women at Work  Women took over factory jobs and farming  They became nurses and volunteers in soldiers’ aid societies  Most women went back home after the war  Women's suffrage movement began to gain ground End of slavery  Oppression would continue for the black community for generations