Map Link: Colonial Empires about 1900:

Impact: Drawing maps, splitting groups Modernising colonies for colonisers’ benefit Refashioning economies Rationales; e.g. French mission civilisatrice

Reactions – Political/Social: Experiments with constitutional governments (Ottomans, Iran) Education – Europeanisation and modernisation, marginalising traditional religious elite

Reactions – Political/Social: Pan-Islam: Muslim unity as key to defeating western powers Advocating rational, modern Islam Jamal al-Din al-Afghani ( )

Reactions – Political/Social: Nationalism: Sense of shared identity based on shared language, history, geographical origin Communalism: Sense of shared identity and objectives based on shared religion (e.g. Muslim minority in India)

Reactions – Religious: Education: e.g. madrasa at Deoband, founded 1867 Ahl-i Hadith (People of the Hadith) Ahl-i Sunna wa Jama‘a (People of the Sunna and the Community)

Reactions – Religious: Modernism: e.g. Sayyid Ahmad Khan ( ), Muhammad Abduh ( ) Salafiya (al-Salaf al-Salih [the pious ancestors])

Reactions – Religious: Messianic Expectations: mahdi (Messiah) Messianic rebellions, e.g. against Dutch in Indonesia ( ), Egyptians/British in Sudan ( )

Reactions – Religious: Messianic Expectations: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (c ) in Punjab Ahmadiya

Map Link: Ottoman Empire, : < ottoman1683_shepherd.jpgottoman1683_shepherd.jpg>

Zionism/Jewish Nationalism: Support for Jewish homeland, preferably in Palestine Balfour Declaration (2nd November 1917) Questions of ownership

“His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”

Al-Sayyid Muhammad ibn Safdar al-Afghani Philosopher, writer and Muslim revivalist Born into Hanafi family. Trained in religious sciences and philosophy Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (b. Kabul? 1838, d. Istanbul 1897)

Travelled widely, soon gained fame for abilities as a scholar and ideas on modern interpretation of Islam Upset conservative religious scholars Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (b. Kabul? 1838, d. Istanbul 1897)

Opposed colonialism, helped stir up opposition esp. in Egypt. Also critical of Muslim rulers whom he saw as corrupt Eventually imprisoned in Istanbul. Died on 9th March 1897, apparently of chin cancer… Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (b. Kabul? 1838, d. Istanbul 1897)