Ms. Sheets Professor Hopkins

 "The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters."

 Mongols were a nomadic society o Drove herds of goats and sheep o Ate meat and milk from herded animals o Traded hides and dairy products for jewelry, weapons and cloth  Mongol society divided into tribes o Divided into kin-related clans o Clans and tribes combined during war  Leaders were elected by free men

 12 th Century- Kabul Khan led alliance that defended Mongols against the Qin in China  Temujin (Chinggis Khan) led Mongols after his father was poisoned by rival nomadic group  Temujin was taken prisoner by a rival tribe in 1182 CE but escaped  Joined the camp of a Mongol chieftan  Won reputation of being a warrior and military leader  1206 CE, elected khagan, leader of Mongol tribes

 Warriors in Mongol Tribes o Calvary only, short bows  Forces were divided into tumens, or fighting units of 10,000 men  Used messenger force to carry urgent messages  Bravery - a must; warrior code  Used spies and informants to create maps of areas they were going to invade

 1207 CE- first military campaign and defeated Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia o Xi Xia ruler submitted to Khan o Attacked Jin Empire o Was difficult to overtake, but used captured Chinese to create new weapons  Captured artisans, scholars  Killed or sold others into slavery  Devastated towns they conquered

 Attacked and took over the Kara Khitai Empire by 1219 CE  Conquered Khwarazm Empire in 1219 CE o Modern day Iran, Turkimenistan, Afghanistan

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 Established capital at Karakorum  All religions tolerated by Mongols  Script was devised for Mongolian language  Mongol conquests brought peace to some regions  Secure trade routes

 1226 CE- Khan took an army of 180,000 to complete conquest of China  Conquered Xi Xia, but Chinggis Khan dies in battle in August 1227 CE  Chinggis Khan’s body was taken back to Karakorum for burial  Remaining land divided between 3 sons and grandson  Elected Ogedei to succeed Chinggis  Ogedei directed troops for more conquests

 After Chinggis Khan’s death, the Mongol empire was divided into four khanates o Golden Horde Empire, Djagatai Empire, Ilkhan Empire, Empire of Kubilai Khan  The Golden Horde was led by Chinggis Khan’s grandson Batu o Led invasion of Russia, wanted to press into Europe  Russia was divided into many little kingdoms and they couldn’t defend against invaders  From CE, Mongol forces invaded Russia and took many Russian cities  Returned in 1240 CE and took Kiev

 Moscow was gradually rebuilt  As Moscow grew in strength, the Golden Horde declined o Golden Horde did not occupy or run the Russian government o Forced princes to extract taxes and tribute  Religious toleration for Orthodox church  1380 CE- Battle of Kulikova, Russian forces defeat Golden Horde  Russia was cut off from European influence, but were protected from attacks

 Increased Eurasian trade = prosperity o Mongols are massive conduit between Europe, Middle East and Asia o Honey, glassware, slaves, gunpowder, firearms, spies, gems, textiles, rugs  High Taxes on Peasants o must give crops and labor to Mongols and regional princes, often become serfs for protection  Conquest of Europe was interrupted by the death of khagan Ogedei

 Hulegu, ruler of the Ilkhan Empire, captured Baghdad in 1258 CE o Killed Abbasid caliph  Mongols defeated by Mamluks of Egypt in 1260 CE  Hulegu was forced to reconsider his plan to conquer the entire Muslim world o Mongols defeated in 1260 by armies of Mamluks of Egypt o Hulegu’s cousin, Berke, new khan of Golden Horde, converted to Islam

 Used local lords to administer taxes and census-taking  Tolerant of scholars, artisans  Assimilated Persian outlooks  Mongol khans extract taxes and tribute  Reinvigorate Eurasian trade routes

 Conquered the Xi Xia and Jin Empires, turned toward the Song Dynasty  Kubilai Khan led forces against Song  CE- Mongols fought against the Chinese  Kubilai ruled most of China by 1271 CE  Set up Yuan Dynasty in 1279 CE  Kubilai passed many laws to make distinction between Mongol and Chinese  Built capital at Tatu (present day Beijing)

 Mongol women did not practice Chinese customs  Social Standing in Yuan Dynasty o Mongols o Muslim and Asian nomadic allies o north Chinese o Ethnic Chinese from north and south o Minority Chinese from the south

 Kubilai Khan welcomed the Polo’s from Venice  Marco Polo lived and served as an administrator for 17 years  Most Chinese (ethnic Chinese) thought Kubilai Khan was a barbarian and did not reconcile to Mongol rule  Merchants prospered  Developed a navy  Kubilai sought to reduce peasant tax, forced labor  Sought to establish elementary schools in villages

 The fall of Yuan China o Song loyalists revolted in the South o Successors lacked capacity for leadership o Famine o Corruption Rising taxes for peasants, forced labor  White Lotus Society- secret religious sect, dedicated to overthrowing government  Fighting, chaos  Mongols escaped to central Asia  Ju Yuanzhang- founded the Ming Dynasty

 Timur-i Lang (Timur the Lame) was a nomadic Turk  Moved armies from Samarkand to Persia, Mesopotamia, India and S. Russia  Barbaric destruction  Timurid Empire  Ended in 1405 after his death

 Don’t use scholar-gentry  Use foreigners or Mongols for bureaucrats (Marco Polo)  Essential imperial structure remains the same  Toleration of scholars, artisans  Pax Mongolica  Increase in Eurasian trade (Silk Roads)  Extract taxes from peasants  Elevated status of merchants

What was Mongol nomadic life like? In the course of expansion, did the Mongols abandon their nomadic lifestyles? Explain. How did the leadership of Chinggis Khan allow the Mongols to expand? How was the Mongol empire divided after the death of Chinggis Khan? What develops in each of these places? Describe the process of Mongol conquest over the Xi Xia, Jin and Song empires. What is the Mongol relationship with Russia like? What is the Mongol relationship with the Middle East like?