1 FINDING ORDER IN DIVERSITY OBJECTIVES: 18.1 Explain how living things are organized for study for study. Describe binomial nomenclature. Explain Linnaeus’s system of classification.

2 To study the diversity of life, biologists use a ___________ system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. ______ is the discipline of classifying organisms. When _______ names are used, biologist can be certain that everyone is discussing the same organism. By the 18 th century, scientist realized that using the common name was _______.

3 What is the name of this type of fish?

4 What is the name of this animal? _____ ______ Mountain lion ______

5 ________ nomenclature was developed by ______. In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a ___-part scientific name. It is always written in _____ and the first letter of the first word is ________. The first letter of the second word is _________. Example: Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) Ursus is the _____ and _______ is the species.

6 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. 1. _______: largest most inclusive 2. _______: several classes 3. ______: similar orders 4. _____: similar families 5. _______: shares characteristics 6. _____: closely related species 7. ______: describes organism Linnaeus

7 In taxonomic nomenclature, or naming system, each of those of those levels is called a ____ (pl. taxa), or taxonomic category.

8 MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION OBJECTIVES: 18.2 Explain how evolutionary relationships are important in classification. Identify the principle behind cladistic analysis. Explain how we can compare very dissimilar organisms.

9 Linnaeus grouped species into large taxa, such as genus and family, mainly according to visible __________ and ________. _______ ideas about descent with modification have given rise to the study of ________, or evolutionary relationships among organisms. Biologist now group organisms into categories that represent line of evolutionary _______, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.

10 Evolutionary classification is the strategy of grouping together organisms based on their evolutionary _____. Species within a genus are more closely ______ to one another than species in another genus. Organisms that appear very similar may not share a recent common ______.

11 Many biologist now prefer a method called ________ ________. It identifies and considers only those characteristics of organisms that are evolutionary ________-new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage by not in its older members are called _______ characteristics.

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13 A ________ is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. The _____ of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level. Similarities in ____ can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationship.

14 Genes of diverse organisms such as humans and yeasts show may _______________. Humans have a gene that codes for ______, a ______ that is found in our muscles. Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein. Myosin in yeast helps enable internal cell parts to move.

15 The more _______ the DNA sequences of two species, the more _______ they shared a common ancestor. Comparisons of ____ can also be used to mark the passage of time. A model known as a ____ clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.

16 DNA analysis has revealed that the American _____ are actually more closely related to the _____.

17 KINGDOMS AND DOMAINS OBJECTIVES: 18.3 Name the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified. Describe the three-domain system classification.

18 As biologist learned more about the natural world, they realized the Linnaeus’s two kingdoms, _______ and _____, did not adequately represent the full diversity of life. _____ and ______ were different from plants and animals, and was placed in the kingdom ______ Paramecium caudatum Streptococcus faecalis

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20 The mushrooms, yeast, and molds were placed in the kingdom _______.

21 Bacteria, because they were found not to have _______t, mitochondria or nuclei, they were put in the kingdom _____.

22 Biologist recognized that the Monera were composed of ______ distinct groups. Monera has been separated in two kingdoms, ______ and ____________. The ___-kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

23 The _______ is a more inclusive category than any other – larger than a kingdom. The three domains are the domain ______, which is composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals; the domain Bacteria, which corresponds to the kingdom ________; and the domainArchaea, which corresponds to the kindom _____________.

24 Bacteria are _______ and __________. They have thick, rigid cell walls (made of ___________) that surround a cell membrane. They range from free-living soil organisms to deadly _______. Some _______, while others do not. Some need ______, while other are killed by oxygen.

25 The domain Archaea live in some of most extreme environments (volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud totally devoid of oxygen). Their cell walls lack peptidoglycen and their cell membrane contain unusual lipids not found in any other organisms.

26 Eurkarya consists of all organisms that have a nucleus. Protista is composed of eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular (algae). Some are photosynthetic, while others are heterotrophic. Some have characteristics of plants, fungi, and animals.

27 Fungi are _________. Most feed on dead or _______ organic matter. They secrete digestive _______ into their food source. They then _______ the smaller food molecules into their bodies. Examples are mushrooms and yeast.

28 Members of the Plantae kingdom are ___________________ and are photosynthetic. Plants are _________ (they do not move from place to place. Their cell walls contain _______. Examples are ____ bearing, flowering plants, mosses and ferns. (Algae is group with the _____)

29 The kingdom Animalia are multicellular and ______. They __ ___ have cell walls. Most ____ about, for at least part of their life cycle.