© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 21 Reproductive System

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of the Reproductive System Accomplish reproduction –Creation of new life Manufacture hormones –Females – estrogen and progesterone –Males – testosterone

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fertilization Coitus Sperm production Corona radiata Fertilization Zygote DNA

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reproductive System Phases of fetal development Differentiation of reproductive organs Organs of reproduction

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External female genitalia Breasts

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 21-9 Structures of the female reproductive system

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Menstrual Cycle Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage or luteal phase Menstruation stage

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Menopause When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end Commonly occurs between 45 and 55 years of age End of childbearing, normal sex usually drive remains Anatomical changes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Male Reproductive System (1 of 2) Testes and epididymis Descent of the testes Scrotum Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Male Reproductive System (2 of 2) Penis Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Semen Impotence/erectile dysfunction

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Erection and Ejaculation Arousal stimulates nerve impulses causing erectile tissue to become engorged with blood Blood entering the dilated arteries squeezes the veins against the penile tissue With maximum stimulation of the seminal vesicles to the ejaculatory center, orgasm occurs

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure Structures of the male reproductive system

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure Structures of the male reproductive system

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Contraception Religious and ethnic group concerns Abstinence Reasons for avoiding pregnancy Methods of contraception

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Infertility (1 of 2) When conception does not occur after trying for one year Causes of infertility Fertility drugs

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Infertility (2 of 2) In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer Donor eggs and embryos

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging in Females Menopause Decrease in estrogen and progesterone production Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity, and a decrease in vaginal secretions Atrophic changes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging in Males Sexual response is slower Obtaining and maintaining an erection becomes more difficult Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size, and sperm level decreases Testosterone level decreases Viscosity of seminal fluid diminishes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (1 of 3) Amenorrhea Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Endometriosis

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (2 of 3) Fibroid tumors Breast tumors/cancer Endometrial cancers Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Infections of the Female Reproductive System (3 of 3) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Salpingitis Toxic shock syndrome Vaginal yeast infections

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Epididymitis Orchitis Prostatitis Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Prostate cancer

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) (1 of 2) Also known as venereal disease Transmission Many be asymptomatic Prevention Chlamydia

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) (2 of 2) Genital warts or human papillomavirus (HPV) Gonorrhea Genital herpes Syphilis Trichomoniasis vaginalis

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Human Growth and Development (1 of 2) Infancy Toddler Preschool School age Adolescence

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Human Growth and Development (2 of 2) Early adulthood Middle adulthood Older adulthood