Glycolysis & Fermentation Chapter 6

What is ATP? Analogy with the coins and the bending machine How does it function like a rechargeable battery?

RECHARGING ATP Occurs in the Mitochondria How do we obtain the energy from GLUCOSE to make ATP? 2 types of complex reactions →Aerobic (Involves oxygen) →Anaerobic (Does not involve oxygen)

Glucose → Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP GLYCOLYSIS Breakdown of glucose Happens in the cytoplasm of the cell Doesn’t require oxygen Process of going from Glucose to Pyruvic Acid and producing 2 ATP Glucose → Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP

GLYCOLYSIS

Glucose → Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP GLYCOLYSIS Glucose → Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP ANAEROBIC PATHWAY AEROBIC PATHWAY FERMENTATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION

FERMENTATION : ANAEROBIC No oxygen present Process through which yeast cells obtain energy from glucose Limited to microscopic organisms, unicellular organisms Glucose breaks down into 2 three-carbon molecules called pyruvate Pyruvate can then be broken down in two different pathways (identified by their waste products) →Alcoholic Fermentation →Lactic Acid Fermentation

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION C6H12O6 → 2 ATP + 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 Glucose Energy Ethanol Carbon Dioxide

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION 6 Carbon Molecule 3 Carbon → Molecule 2 Carbon → Molecule

FERMENTATION Goal of fermentation: Produce ATP What are the waste products in alcoholic fermentation? _________ How is the waste product of one organism useful to another?

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Example 1 : Wine (yeast ferments the sugar in grape juice to make ethanol & CO2) Example 2 : Yeast is used to make bread, the CO2 is what forms bubbles in the dough making it rise

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION C6H12O6 → 2 Lactic Acid + 2ATP Fermentation can also be carried out by bacteria Lactic acid fermentation is a process in which bacteria converts glucose to lactic acid Example 1: Make products such as butter, yogurt and cheese. Example 2: Lactic acid buildup in muscles

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Oxygen is essential to human life Fermentation is inefficient Glucose is broken down to produce ATP with the help of oxygen = AEROBIC Breathing provides oxygen to the cells that use it to break down Glucose and make ATP

WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKE PLACE? _________________ (Responsible for energy generation) Enzymes responsible for controlling cellular respiration are part of the inner membrane

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Analogy with a fireplace Mitochondria = Fireplace Glucose = Log Oxygen = Needed to burn log Carbon Dioxide & Water = Released ATP = Released as heat & light

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Breaks down glucose to put energy in the form of ATP Respiration: breaking down 1 glucose molecules produces 38 ATP molecules How many released in fermentation? ___ We recover 40% of energy of the glucose as ATP the rest is released as heat.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 38 ATP + HEAT