Unit 2: Chapter 7 India and China

India: A Tale of 2 Empires Mauryan Empire BC –Chandragupta BCE Created the 1 st empire Raised huge army, huge taxes Created bureaucracy Kautilya –Rulers handbook –Asoka 269 BC – 232 BCE Grandson Why Buddhism? Battle at Kalinga –Nonviolence, issued edicts, religious toleration, fairness Built roads –Did what for travelers? –500 years of chaos after Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Kautilya Asoka

Gupta Empire 320 – 535 AD –2 nd empire –First empire with good information about life in India Farmers, merchants. Taxes, irrigation Patriarchal in North, Matriarchal in South Expansion created trade routes India: A Tale of 2 Empires

Using the map, what are the key differences between the Mauryan Empires and the Gupta Empires? Why did neither empire spread north east?

Achievements of Indian Culture Indian Culture PoetryAstronomyMathMedicine Drama/ Dance Many of the foundations of Indian and western culture are created during the Mauryan and Gupta Empires

Achievements Astronomy –Knowledge increased on trading ships –Used stars –Kept time – Greeks Calendar based on sun 7-day week divided into hours –1 st to prove earth round – lunar eclipse Mathematics –Most advanced –Created modern numbers –Zero –Decimal system –Value of pi –Length of solar year (365) Medicine –2 medical guides – 1,000 diseases, 500 medicinal plants –Surgery – plastic surgery

Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

The Spread of Indian Trade What did Indians realize once they heard about the Silk Roads?

Extensive Trade spices spices gold & ivory rice & wheat horses cotton goods silks * That they could become the “middlemen & make a lot of money * Set up trading stations

Money, Money, Money, and Influence Effect of trade –Banking system & Loans –Indian culture spread –Religion spread –Increased wealth for Indian empires Overland Trade –Access to the Silk Road –Ideal placement between Rome and China –Middlemen = Big Profits Sea Trade –Traded between China, Arabia, Africa, and SE Asia –Spices, ivory, silk, gold, horses, rice, wheat

How did Silk Road impact people’s lives? 1.Economic Impact – created jobs 2.Religious Impact – spread Buddhism & other religions 3.Disease – some communities wiped out by diseases, plague

Hinduism and Buddhism Change As Buddhism spreads, it mixes with other religions and begins to split Becomes popular as people believe they can become Buddhas & achieve nirvana, or salvation, through good works, sacrifice Hinduism began to unite its many gods into one main universal force, with several forces (gods) –Brahma: Creator –Vishnu: Preserver –Shiva: Destroyer

The Decline of the Guptas  Invasion of the Huns in the 4 AD signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them  After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in 7 AD

Han Dynasty in China

Han Dynasty is formed (200 BC- 220 AD) –Formed after years of civil war Winner was Liu Bang Formed a centralized government where the emperor ran the whole country Brought peace & stability – for awhile –Lower taxes, lighter punishments –Later Emperors expanded the empire through warfare, both north to Korea, and South to Vietnam

Han Dynasty Structure Mandate of Heaven – Emperor semi- divineMandate of Heaven –The idea that if the gods favored the ruler, life in China would be good. Displease the gods, the dynasty would fall – earthquakes, floods –People followed emperor’s rule because they believed emperor was link between heaven and earth: semi-divine

Bureaucracy & Civil Service Bureaucracy –The most developed of its time –Run the empire, army, collect taxes –Peasants gave labor – roads, canals, irrigation Civil Service – 130,000 people –Had to take a test, and score well, merit –Confucian ideals at heart of government Respect, Generosity, Truthfulness, Diligence, Kindness Very stable; stayed in place until 1912!

Technology, Commerce, Culture Paper – books spread education Harness - pull heavier loads Farming – two bladed plow. wheelbarrow Water mills – grain Government controlled industries (monopoly) –Salt mines, Iron forging, Coins, Silk Assimilated people into Chinese culture –Books, education, intermarriage,

End of the Han Dynasty Dynasty falls when the gap between the rich and poor becomes too great Flooding causes starvation Riots and revolutions Invasions and civil war Later Han Dynasty experiences same Dynasty ends around 220 AD

Chapter 15 Africa

Just how big is Africa? Africa is HUGE!

Geography Africa is diverse –Sahara and Kalahari Deserts –Sahel – southern edge of the Sahara –Savanna - grassland –Rainforest –Glacier!

West African Kingdoms Ghana –Started because of the salt/gold trade –By 800 AD, Ghana is an empire Large army, taxes, bureaucracy King controlled the salt and gold supply –Islam spread to Ghana through trade First to traders and upper class –Conquered in 1076 by invaders from the north, and never recovered

Mali Started in 1275, east of Ghana First emperor was Sundiata –Military leader, popular for overthrowing a tyrant –Bureaucracy was efficient, supported agriculture and fixed the salt/gold trade –Took the title “Mansa” meaning emperor

Mansa Musa came to power in 1312 –Skilled military leader –Huge army, expanded territory (bigger than Ghana) –Dedicated Muslim, took a trip to Mecca –Built Mosques, (churches) hospitals, and schools –Later rulers not as skilled, and empire fell apart

Songhai Started by controlling trade routes, and then expanding –Sunni Ali – Military general, big army and navy Seized Timbuktu for 7 years! –Askia Muhammad Tax system developed, bureaucracy, dedicated Muslim –Empire ended when invaded by attackers from the north with better technology.

GhanaMaliSonghai How did it start?Developed because of the salt/gold trade Military conquestControl of trade and conquest How did it maintain control? Large Army, Bureaucracy, Taxes Large Army, Bureaucracy, Taxes Large Army, Bureaucracy, Taxes What was the primary religion? Traditional, changed to Islam Islam Notable peopleSundiata Mansa Musa Sunni Ali Asika Muhammad