 Boyars  Czar  Peter the Great  Westernization  Catherine the Great  Thirty Year’s War  Treaty of Westphalia  Maria Theresa  Frederick the Great

 1500’s Russia far behind the West  Boyars- landowners or church officials with conservative viewpoints  Czar-Latin word for caesar or emperor  1546 Ivan becomes czar

 Created a general council (merchants, low, level nobles)  Promote military on merit  Drew up a new legal code  Defeated the Tartars  Expanded Russian territory

 known as the good period  1560’s he changed  Suspicious of closest advisors  When his wife died he thought she was murdered  People were conspiring against him

 Created a 6,000 police force  Dressed in black and rose black horses  Controlled half of Russia’s territory  Brutal punishment for speaking out  1565 seized land of 12,000 Boyars

 Ordered killing of thousands in Novgorod  1581 killed his own son  Russia left without an heir  Time of troubles lasted till 1613

 Peter became czar in 1682  Age of 17 took over the throne  Peter said to be 6’6”  Stormed Azov- Black Sea port held by the Turks  Attack was a disaster

 Peter built a better navy  Peter helped to build the ships  Built hundreds of ships  New navy Azov surrendered

 Westernization- the process of bringing western ideas to Russia  1697 Peter went to Europe  Traveled in disguise  Learned hands on skills (ship building)

 Recruited Europeans to bring skills to Russia  Streltsy rebelled to have his sister on the throne  Disbanded the Streltsy and started modern army

 Brought church under state control  Built up Russian industry  Started first newspaper  Started schools  Modernized calendar  Promoted based on merit instead of social status

 Russians needed to learn more science  Waned to adopt European style of clothing  Cut off his own long hair and beard  Boyars resisted this action

 1700 fought Swedes for warm water port  Russia’s other ports choked with ice much of the year  Baltic Sea would open Russian trade  Built new capitol of Saint Petesburg

 Czar Peter III 1761  Catherine and soldiers grew angry at his incompetence  Catherine seized power declare Czarina

 Kept Peter’s westernization efforts  Built statue said to Peter the First from Catherine the Second  Reformed Russia’s legal and educational system  Removed restrictions on trade

 War with Poland  Russia won and took half of Poland’s territory also on the Black Sea  Rebellion inside Russia  Yemelyan Pugachev-claimed he was Peter III

 Gained support among peasants  Caught and was beheaded  Catherine needed to strengthen the monarchy in rural areas  Reorganized local government

 Administration, hands of local landowners  In return for government service taxes were reduced  Gave them absolute control over their lands and the peasants

 Rulers in Central Europe never became Absolute monarchs  Holy Roman Empire had a single emperor  Covered most of Central Europe › Empire had dozens of small states › Each with own ruler

 1450’s All Holy Roman Emperors came from the Hapsburg family  1600’s Hapsburg emperor caused the Thirty Years War  Alliances cause it to be a continent wide affair

 Religious dispute in 1618  Two Protestant churches were ordered to shut down  Protestants threw the emperor’s representatives out the palace window  They were unhurt

 Emperor’s attempt to control religion sparked revolt  Nobles in Bavaria and Austria rebelled  Joined by other rulers  Monarch in Spain were members of the Hapsburg joined Ferdinand’s side

 France, Spain’s rival joined the Protestant side  Denmark and Sweden Also on Protestant side  War lasted till 1648  7 million Germans died  Disease and starvation

 Treaty of Westphalia ended the war  Extended religious tolerance to both Catholics and Protestants  Reduced the power of the Holy Roman Emperor

 Austria governed by the Hapsburg family  Prussia’s rulers came from Hohenzollerns  1740 Charles V died without an heir (HRE)  Wrote the Pragmatic Sanction-empire could be passed to a female

 Maria Theresa was his daughter seemed she would take the throne  Hohenzollerans had different ideas  Frederick the Great seized Austria Province of Silesia  Offered Maria Theresa an alliance

 Would help her husband become Holy Roman Emperor  Maria Theresa turned him down  War of Austrian succession broke out

 Spain, France and two German states entered on Prussia’ side  Each hoped to gain territory  Maria Theresa asked for peace  Prussia kept Silesia launching it to position of power

 Prussia’s victory intensified rivalry with Austria and Hungary  1756 Seven Year’s War  Prussia ruled by Frederick and Great Britain on one side  Austria, France, Russia on the other

 Fighting also occurred in North America and India  Prussia was on verge of defeat  Austrian and Russia forces occupied the capitol

 Russia pulled out of the war  Prussia regained strength  Prussia became the strongest military in Europe  Frederick pushed opponent out of Prussia