Chapter 16: The Age of Absolutism Section 1: Extending Spanish Power Philip II of Spain built Spain into a strong centralized state All power was in his hands, which inspired other European Monarchs Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire Charles V was actually in charge of two empires: -Spain -Hapsburg This put him in almost constant warfare

 Charles’ greatest foe was the Ottoman Empire, who challenged him in both Empires  This proved too stressful, and Charles stepped down and split his empire in two:  -Hapsburg lands went to his brother, Ferdinand  -Spanish lands to his son, Philip  Philip II and Divine Right  Philip II had three goals:  -expand Spanish influence  -strengthen the Catholic Church  -make his own power absolute  Philip reigned as an Absolute Monarch

 As a divine right monarch, Philip saw a need to protect the Catholic Church  He used his authority to stop the spread of Protestantism  The Wars of Philip II  Advancing Spanish Catholic power was a theme in many wars waged by Philip  Strong Protestant beliefs sparked revolts in the Netherlands  In 1581 the Northern Netherlands split from Spain and became the Dutch Netherlands  The South remained under Spanish control  Philip then planned to invade Protestant England, which failed

 Spain’s Golden Age  was Spain's golden century  Phillip was a large supporter of the Arts and Education  Academies were founded to teach math and science  During this time, Spanish painters and writers flourished  Economic Decline  Phillip II successors proved to be less powerful than he was  Spain's economy also took a big hit due to costly wars and bad economic decisions  Vocab pg 504, 3-5 pg 508

 Section 2: France Under Louis XIV  From the 1560s to the 1590s, religious wars between Huguenots (French Protestants) and the Catholic majority tore France apart.  To protect Protestants, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious toleration  Henry then set out to heal the shattered land.  Under Henry, the government reached into every aspect of French life.  By building the royal bureaucracy and reducing the power of the nobility, Henry laid the foundations for royal absolutism.

Louis took the sun as the symbol of his absolute power and was often quoted as saying, “I am the state.” During his 72-year reign, Louis did not once call a meeting of the Estates General. Louis expanded the bureaucracy and appointed intendants: - collected taxes - recruited soldiers - carried out Louis’s policies in the provinces. Louis created the strongest army in Europe, which he used to enforce his policies at home and abroad.

SUCCESSES Louis greatly strengthened royal power. The French army became the strongest in Europe. France became the wealthiest state in Europe. French culture, manners, and customs became the European standard. The arts flourished in France. FAILURES Louis engaged in costly wars that had disastrous results. Rival rulers joined forces to check French ambitions. Louis persecuted the Huguenots, causing many to flee France. Their departure was a huge hit to the French economy. Vocab pg 510, 3-5 pg 514

 Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England  Inspired by French Absolutism, English Kings tried to assert absolute power  The Tudors and Parliament  The Tudor family ruled between the years  They were absolute, but also saw the need for good relations with Parliament  The Early Stuarts  When the last Tudor died without an heir, the English throne passed to the Stuart family  Unlike the Tudors, the Stuarts clashed with Parliament  James I was the first Stuart ruler, and he dissolved Parliament so he could levy taxes on his own

 When Charles I inherited the throne, he needed to summon Parliament to raise taxes  They forced him to sign the Petition of Right:  -king needs Parliaments consent to raise taxes  -king may not imprison anybody without just cause  Charles eventually dissolved Parliament and ignored the petition  Need for tax revenue eventually saw the need for Charles to summon Parliament  This time Parliament launched it’s own Revolution

 Parliament accomplished several revolutionary goals:  -tried and executed some of the Kings chief ministers  -Parliament could not be dissolved without it’s own consent  -abolition of church bishops  When Charles fought back against these demands it kicked off a long civil war in England

 The English Civil War  War between The King and Parliament lasted from  There were two opposing groups in this war:  -Cavaliers who were loyal to the king  -Roundheads who were loyal to Parliament  The Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell who turned his army into a well disciplined fighting machine  Cromwell led the Roundheads to several important victories  By 1647 they had captured the king  Vocab pg 516, 3-6 pg 523

 Charles I was tried and convicted as a traitor  He was beheaded, and his death signaled the end of absolutism in England  The Commonwealth  The House of Commons abolished the Monarchy and named Cromwell leader of the republic  Cromwell faced many challenges, especially from Charles II, heir to the throne  He also faced protest from the poorest English citizens who demanded rights  He was backed by the Puritans who were very devout and strict

 When Cromwell died, Parliament invited Charles II to return to the throne  From Restoration to Glorious Revolution  Charles II lifted all the harsh Puritan laws, and restored the Church of England  When Charles II died, James II came to the throne  James II was openly Catholic which upset many English citizens  Parliament invited James’s daughter Mary and her husband William to rule England  This caused James II to flee resulting in the Glorious Revolution  Vocab pg 525

Section 4: The Rise of Austria and Prussia The Thirty Years War CAUSES Rival German princes held more power than the emperor. Religion divided the Protestant north and the Catholic south and created a power struggle.

RESULTS The Peace of Westphalia ended the war with a general European peace. The war led to severe depopulation. France gained territory. The Hapsburgs were forced to accept independence of all of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Germany was divided into more than 360 states. The Netherlands and present-day Switzerland won independence

Two great empires, Austria and Prussia, rose out of the ashes of the Thirty Years’ War. AUSTRIA: The Hapsburgs kept the title of Holy Roman emperors and expanded their lands. Hapsburg monarchs worked hard to unite the empire, which included peoples from many backgrounds and cultures. Maria Theresa won popular support and strengthened Hapsburg power by reorganizing the bureaucracy and improving tax collection

PRUSSIA: The Hohenzollern family united their lands by taking over the states between them. Hohenzollern kings set up an efficient central bureaucracy and reduced the independence of nobles. Frederick William I created one of the best armies in Europe. Frederick II used the army to strengthen Prussia.

Keeping the Balance of Power By 1750, the great powers of Europe included Austria, Prussia, France, England, and Russia. These powers formed various alliances to maintain the balance of power. Though nations sometimes switched partners, two rivalries persisted.  Prussia battled Austria for control of the German states.  Britain and France competed for overseas empire.  3-5 pg 529

 Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia  Peter the Great was committed to a policy of westernization in Russia.  To impose his will, Peter became the most autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs. During his reign he:  forced the boyars, or landowning nobles, to serve the state.  imported western technology and culture.  insisted that the boyars shave their beards and wear western-style clothing.  used autocratic methods to push through social and economic reforms.  imposed policies which caused the spread of serfdom.  brought all Russian institutions under his control.

Peter created the largest standing army in Europe and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south. Peter unsuccessfully fought the Ottomans in an attempt to gain a warm-water port for Russia. Peter engaged in a long war with Sweden, and eventually won land along the Baltic Sea. Peter built a magnificent new capital city, St. Petersburg. Peter signed a treaty with Qing China which recognized Russia’s right to lands north of Manchuria. Peter hired a navigator to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska

 Catherine the Great  An efficient, energetic empress, who ruled in the tradition of absolute monarchs, Catherine:  reorganized the provincial government, codified laws, and began state-sponsored education for boys and girls.  embraced and encouraged Western ideas and culture.  gained a warm-water port on the Black Sea.  agreed to partition Poland and gained the eastern portion.  granted special privileges to the boyars.  allowed the boyars to increase their control of the peasants and repressed peasant rebellions.  Vocab pg 530, 3-5 pg 535