Imperialism: American Style U.S. Foreign Policy at Turn of Century

Imperialism  Expansion by acquiring ownership /control over colonial areas/protectorates for economic, military, religious, or nationalist reasons.

Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: U. S. Foreign Investments:

American Foreign Trade: Commercial/Business Interests

Reasons for…  Invest surplus capital – ½ Billion by 1900  Obtain raw materials  Control Export Markets  Establish naval and military bases  Send missionaries to make converts  Compete for world power

Philosophy of American Imperialism  Monroe Doctrine, 1823  Manifest Destiny, 1840’s  Political Darwinism  Racial Superiority  Spread of Democracy  Blaine’s Pan-Americanism  Roosevelt Corollary—hemisphere policemen  Alfred Mahan—Building A World Class Navy

Influence of Sea Power Upon History  Book by Alfred T. Mahan – President of Naval War College, 1885 – Thesis—the great imperial nations of the past had gained their power & prestige through naval supremacy  1880 fleet—142 wooden vessels  Blaine, Sec.State>naval expansion  1900 fleet—3 rd in world

Differences between Old & New Expansionism  Supported by urban, middle class  Provided distraction from domestic from domestic problems problems  Yellow Journalism— sensationalism of sensationalism of international events international events

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 Japanese View of Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii  1875 – Reciprocity Treaty  1890 – McKinley Tariff American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.  1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.  Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

U.S. Territorial Acquisitions  Alaska, 1867—Seward’s Ice Box  Midway Islands, 1867  American Samoa, 1878  Annexation of Hawaii, – Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, 1878 – Queen Liliuokalani – Dole Revolution – Republic then annexation

Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

U.S. Foreign Policy  Perry Ends Japanese Isolationism, 1853  Hay’s Open Door Policy with China, 1898  Spanish American War, 1898  T.R.’s Big Stick Diplomacy in L.A. 1904

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering U.S. Japan recognized U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. U.S. government got school board of San Francisco to rescind order to segregate Asians in separate schools  Root-Takahira Agreement.

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912  Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.  Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere.

 U.S. Instigate Revolt in Panama, 1904  T.R. mediates peace between Russia & Japan 1905—wins Nobel Peace Prize  Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy in L.A, 1909  Completion of Panama Canal, 1914

The Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme Letter  Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to U.S.  Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Causes: Spanish American War  American investments & tariffs  Cuban revolutionaries  The Butcher-General Valeriano Weyler  Yellow Journalism  De Lome Letter  Remember the Maine!

The “Rough Riders”

Dewey Captures Manila!

The “Splendid Little War”  War correspondents  Naval Victory at Manila Bay  Rough Riders  Siege of Santiago

The American Anti-Imperialist League  Founded in  Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.  Campaigned against annexation of Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

Is He To Be a Despot?

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Emilio Aguinaldo  L eader of the Filipino Uprising.  July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

The Treaty of Paris: 1898  Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.  Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam.  U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.  U. S. became imperial power!

Effects of War  Cuban Independence, but  Platt Amendment  Annexation of the Philippines  Filipino Insurrection  Acquisition of Puerto Rico & Guam  Growth of Nationalism

William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines Great administrator.

Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt Platt Amendment (1903) 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 2. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. for naval and coaling station. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: 1905 The Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power.

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900  Peaceful Harmonious Fists.  “55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door Policy  Secretary John Hay.  Give all nations equal access to trade in China.  Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

America as a Pacific Power

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the World

The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”  Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.  Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.  Therefore, U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”  The U. S. should be conscience of world.  Spread democracy.  Promote peace.  Condemn colonialism  Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: s

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”

What the U. S. Has Fought For