 100 Years War and Black Death  Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church  The Corruption within the Catholic Church

 Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic  The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church  People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

 In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions  The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

 Martin Luther  John Calvin  Henry VIII

 Lived from in Germany  Father encouraged him to study law  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

 He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven  He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort  In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

 A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)  He criticized:  The Power of the Pope  The Extreme Wealth of the Church  Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

 Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs  Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany  Gained support from people and criticism from Church

The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

 The Edict of Worms  1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs  Luther burned the order and was excommunicated  Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

 He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

 Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas  Lutheranism was formed  Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

 Anti-Catholic  Influenced by Martin Luther  Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”  Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

 Calvin believed in:  Salvation through Predestination  At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

 Foreknowledge  God knows everything that will happen in your life  Purified approach to life:  No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

 Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

 Henry wanted a divorce, but Pope Clement VII wouldn’t invalidate the marriage  Henry tried to get Church to do what he wanted, and appointed Sir Thomas More as English Cardinal

 More wouldn’t support the divorce  Henry proceeded to dissolve his ties to the Pope  ENGLISH REFORMATION – Henry VIII took control of the English clergy and had himself appointed the head of the Church of England  He divorced Catherine and married his lover Anne Boleyn

 The Protestant Reformation is sweeping across Central Europe, England, and even Scandinavia! You have been hired by the Pope to develop ideas that the Church can implement in order to stop believers from converting to these heretical faiths. What are your top 3 ideas? Hurry, you must act quickly, or Protestantism may overrun Europe!

The Catholic Church’s Response to the Protestant Reformation

The Church had two tactics:  Reform the Church from Within Council of Trent  Stop the Spread of Protestantism Water Torture during the Inquisition

 The Council of Trent ( ) Purpose: The Church held three meetings to discuss reform AND define dogma (official teachings) Some areas were actually reformed  education of priests  Improved discipline among the clergy  Indulgences got banned But many teachings were not changed, and were instead reinforced; the ideas of the Protestants were rejected  Faith AND good works = salvation  7 sacraments, not just 2  Bible is written in Latin, not the vernacular language  Pope is supreme leader  Man has free will (your fate is NOT predestined)

The Church took measures to reassert its authority in the following ways:  1. The Society of Jesus: The Jesuits A religious group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 Promoted education Famous for missionary work Strived to gain political influence a bit fanatical in their devotion…

2. Index (List) of Banned Books Created in 1559 by the Pope Purpose was to prevent heresy (make sure you know what this word means) and ensure books were morally correct Banned both Protestant literature and texts by some intellectuals, like Erasmus

3. The Inquisition Why?  General purpose was to discover heretics (mostly Jews and Muslims, but also Protestants), reinforce Catholic doctrine, and prove the power of the Church When?  1400s-1800s Where?  Mostly Spain and Italy  Different variations took place across Europe, but it was most notorious in Spain How?  The accused were put on trial and were guilty until proven innocent…  Torture was used to elicit confessions

The Church did not win back many of the “lost souls” that had converted to Protestantism… But, it shed its reputation for corruption and it spread widely through missionary work