Ecosystem services in China March 14, 2013 Brian E Robinson, PhD University of Minnesota.

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Presentation transcript:

Ecosystem services in China March 14, 2013 Brian E Robinson, PhD University of Minnesota

National ecosystem service policies

Sloping Land Conversion Program Yunnan National

Forest Ecosystem Compensation Fund National

Ecosystem Function Conservation Areas National

Regional ecosystem service policies

Ecosystem service-related programs in: Water-related services (Bennett, 2009) Regional

Ecosystem service-related programs in: Water-related services (Bennett, 2009) Emissions-trading /“exchange” Soil conservation Eco-agricultural Regional

Ecosystem service-related programs in: Water-related services (Bennett, 2009) Emissions-trading /“exchange” Soil conservation Eco-agricultural Ecological migration Regional

Miyun River Watershed Regional Example

Miyun River Watershed

Only surface water source for Beijing

Miyun Watershed Two major water systems (Chao & Bai Rivers) 15,800 km 2 (> Connecticut) Mountains, forest, Great Wall of China Shared governance – Beijing: 1/4 land area, 20 townships – Hebei: 3/4 in land area, 42 townships

Declining inflow M 0.2 M Stresses on the reservoir Increasing population

Stresses on the reservoir Increasing nutrient pollution Total nitrogen concentration (mg/L) Industrial effluent Wastewater Agricultural runoff

Livelihoods are limited to protect reservoir Mining all iron 47 mines closed in 2000 Aquaculture no in-reservoir cage fishing from 2003 Agriculture shift from grain to fruit trees; shift from chemical to organic fertilizer; eliminate rice paddies Tourism no activities in protection zones (Peisert, Sternfeld 2005; Regele 2008; Kröger et al 2012)

Ongoing efforts in Miyun 1.“Paddy land to dry land” conversion program 2.Distribution of costs and benefits

Program goal: increase water yield & improve water quality Enrolled ha of ag land Payment $ $1300 USD per ha per year 1. Paddy land conversion program

Step A: BENEFITS changes in water yield and nitrogen concentrations to the reservoir Step B: COSTS Payment to farmers, net changes in ag production (rice – corn) Programmatic costs Step C: LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS Difference-in-difference estimates of household livelihood changes (compare participants and non- participants) 2000 Paddy land 2000 Land Use

1. Paddy land conversion program Costs and benefits of the program

1. Paddy land conversion program Livelihood outcomes Income source Is there a difference between participants and non participants? All income 22,728*** Agricultural income -1450*** Non farm income 1089*** Migrant income 5485***

1. Paddy land conversion program Livelihood outcomes Expenditures Is there a difference between participants and non participants? Corn inputs (eg, fertilizer) 525*** Agricultural equipment (tractors, animals) -0.03*** Education 994*** Natural resources (wood, coal, LPG) 105*** Material assets (washer, motorcycle, fridge, car, TV) 0.19***

How can Beijing effectively secure access to water, and how are various populations affected? 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits

Step A: estimate changes in ES during & Distribution of ES costs & benefits Rural consumption Urban consumption Agricultural value Carbon LOCAL TOTAL - 0 +

Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits

Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security?

Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security? Where should these activities take place?

Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security? Where should these activities take place? Who bears the costs of implementation?

Step B: estimate the value of future improvements (RIOS) 2. Distribution of ES costs & benefits What activities help improve water security? Where should these activities take place? Who bears the costs of implementation? Who benefits from the changes?

Ongoing work planned in Hainan Island

Brian E. Robinson