Designer of original PPT: Susan M. Pojer AP US Chapter 15.2 November 7, 2011

What was the Market Revolution? Combination of inventions and improvements that began to move the world to an industrialized, global economyCombination of inventions and improvements that began to move the world to an industrialized, global economy The creation of the modern factory system with the improved methods of transportation and communication and advancements in agricultural production all worked together to produce the Market RevolutionThe creation of the modern factory system with the improved methods of transportation and communication and advancements in agricultural production all worked together to produce the Market Revolution –Couldn’t have happened without one of these three pieces

Why did Europe Industrialize Before America? America did not need to at first:America did not need to at first: –Plenty of land Therefore labor was scarceTherefore labor was scarce –Lots of natural resources Resources needed for industrialization remained untapped in the beginningResources needed for industrialization remained untapped in the beginning –Not much money for capital investing Also meant that consumers were scarceAlso meant that consumers were scarce –Competition against established British factories was also tough England also protected the patents to the textile machinery and did not let them outEngland also protected the patents to the textile machinery and did not let them out

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

First Turnpike Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), miles - finally finished in 1852 with federal and state aid

Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont 1820 – 60 steamboats on the Mississippi 1860 – 1000 steamboats on the Mississippi Steamboats could head upstream at 10mph.

Erie Canal System (built ) 363 miles Could now travel from Buffalo (and Lake Erie) to New York City Buffalo->NYC Used to be: 20 days and $100 per ton Now: 6 days and $5 per ton

Erie Canal, 1820s The building of canals gave jobs to out of work frontiersmen and hastened the transition from agricultural to industrial or service labor Lowering prices for agricultural products initially shook the New England economy – caused agricultural diversification, movement west, or transition to industrial labor

Principal Canals in 1840 Cities along canals and Great Lakes sprang up and expanded

Inland Freight Rates

Clipper Ships (1840’s-1850’s) American invention that could outrun the older steamers Sacrificed cargo space for speed and were quickly replaced by the more stable British iron tramp steamers before the Civil War

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track By 1860  30,000 mi.

The Railroad Revolution, 1850s Immigrant labor built the Northern Railroads. Slave labor built the Southern Railroads.

The Pony Express Established in 1860 to carry mail the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CAEstablished in 1860 to carry mail the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CA Stations were 10 miles apart where lightweight riders could trade out poniesStations were 10 miles apart where lightweight riders could trade out ponies Could make trip in 10 daysCould make trip in 10 days Went bankrupt in 18 monthsWent bankrupt in 18 months Like the clipper ship, the Pony Express was replaced by technology (the telegraph) and was the end of the era of self-reliance and personal or natural energy instead of machinesLike the clipper ship, the Pony Express was replaced by technology (the telegraph) and was the end of the era of self-reliance and personal or natural energy instead of machines

Resourcefulness & Experimentation Americans were willing to try anything. Americans were willing to try anything. They were first copiers, then innovators. They were first copiers, then innovators  41 patents were approved, and 306 were registered 1860  4,357 patents were approved and 28,000 were registered

Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 The Cotton Gin was necessary to supply the new fabric factories brought to America by Samuel Slater The Cotton Gin re- invigorated slavery in the South – now slavery was profitable

Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

z They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Boom/Bust Cycles: The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, Laissez faire  BUT, government did much to assist capitalism! Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: Fletcher v. Peck 1810 (property rights) Dartmouth v. Woodward 1819 (contracts) McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 (implied powers) Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 (federal power to regulate interstate commerce) Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge 1835 (contracts)Supreme Court Rulings: Fletcher v. Peck 1810 (property rights) Dartmouth v. Woodward 1819 (contracts) McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 (implied powers) Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 (federal power to regulate interstate commerce) Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge 1835 (contracts)

Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth was in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening! v Social advancement was limited, but still greater than it had been in the Old World v Wages rose 1% per year from prevented revolution

The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

Lowell in 1850

Lowell Mill

Early Textile Loom

New England Textile Centers: 1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for Lowell What were the differences between how society thought the Lowell girls were treated and what their lives were really like?

Lowell Girls In 1820, half of industrial workers were under 10 years of age

Women and Factory Work 10% of white women worked for pay outside their homes in % of white women worked for pay outside their homes in % of all women had been employed at some point before being married20% of all women had been employed at some point before being married Most women left their paying jobs when they got marriedMost women left their paying jobs when they got married

Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

Lowell Mills Time Table The federal government set a 10-hour workday for federal projects in 1840, and many states followed

Early “Union” Newsletter

The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. *Early unions were usually local, social, and weak, especially after the Panic of * Early unions were usually local, social, and weak, especially after the Panic of *There were a number of strikes in the 1830’s and 1840’s for higher wages * There were a number of strikes in the 1830’s and 1840’s for higher wages Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Ruled that unions were not illegal as long as they were honorable and peaceful Worker political parties were still ineffective until the post- Civil War period.

Changes in Crops Changes in Crops Corn was too difficult to transport so Western farmers turned it into something elseCorn was too difficult to transport so Western farmers turned it into something else –Corn in a bottle – liquor –Corn on the hoof – pigs Farmers were still looking for more ways to improve profitsFarmers were still looking for more ways to improve profits

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831 Changed America from subsistence farming to cash-crop agriculture Also caused increasing debt for farmers

John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

Farming In 1830, producing a bushel of grain took 183 minutes. By 1900 it took only 10 minutes with the use of these machines. The government also helped farmers by creating agricultural colleges through the Morrill Acts.

The Agricultural Revolution What allowed the agricultural revolution to move forward? How did the agricultural revolution affect the factory system?

Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket” What will this mean as the country approaches Civil War? Which groups are connected and how?

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions: Self sufficient households are disappearing as people begin to work for wages and use the wages to buy goods This causes the “traditional women’s work” to be devalued Home becomes a sanctuary from the outer world

The Cult of Domesticity Step 2 in American ideas about women Cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker Married women were the moral rulers of their family Caused by industrialization and wages replacing the self-sufficient household which made women’s work less valued

Changing Families Marriage was more for love than before Families became the emotional center against the harshness of the world Families shrunk – –Fertility rate shrunk by half in the 1800’s – –“Primitive” form of contraception was practiced – –Meant child centered families – shape the child, don’t break the child

ECONOMIC? SOCIAL? POLITICAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS?

Practice Essay

(altered)2001 The Jacksonian Period ( ) has been celebrated as the era of the “ Common man. ” To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider both of the following in your response.The Jacksonian Period ( ) has been celebrated as the era of the “ Common man. ” To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider both of the following in your response. Economic developmentEconomic development PoliticsPolitics