Blood and lymph Hematopoiesis Blood components and functions Plasma Erythrocytes Leucocytes Theories of hematopoiesis 6. Stem cell structure and functions 7. Embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis 8. Classes of hematopoietic cells 9. Main features of different hematopoietic lines

Tissues of inner environment 1. Blood and lymph 2. Connective tissues Blood functions Transport 1. Trophic 2. Respiration 3. Humoral 4. Excretion Protective Homeostatic

Blood= cells + plasma (RBC+WBC+PL) hematocrit VFe/Vpl

Plasma physical condition – colloid solution chemical composition: 90-93 % water 7-10 % dry residue (7% proteins; albumins 4%, globulins 1-3%, fibrinogen 0,2-0,4%) others 3% (enzymes, vitamins, salts, waste products…) pH 7,36

Hemogram (general blood analysis) Hematocrit 45:55 Erythrocytes men 3,9-5,5 x 10 12/l women 3,7-4,9 x 10 12/l Reticulocytes 2-10 per 1000 erythrocytes Hemoglobin men 130-160 g/l 120-140 g/l Leucocytes 4-9 x 10 9/l Platelets 180-320 x 10 9/l Speed of blood sedimentation men 6-12 mm/hour 2-14 mm/hour

Erythrocytes Respiratory Transport Alkaline-acidic balance Group

Sickle-cell anemia Normocyte 7,1-7,9 mkm (75%) Macrocyte >8 mkm Microcyte <6 mkm Anisocytosis >20% abnormal sized cells Discocytes, planocytes,echinocytes… Poykilocytosis >25% abnormal shaped cells

Leucocytes

Leucocytes count % Granulocytes Agranulocytes Bazophilic Eosinophilic Neutrophilic Lym-pho-cytes Monocytes Band Juve-nile Segmen-ted 0-1 0.5-5 0.5-1 1-6 47-72 19-37 3-11

Neutrophils

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Basophil

Lymphocytes –immunocytes Small, medium sized, large EM: small light and dark, medium sized, B-plasma cells T and B Active and memory cells

Lymphocyte

Monocyte-mononuclear cell >20 mkm Bean-like nucleus Golgi apparatus =>lysosomes Active type - macrophage

Monocyte

Mononuclear macrophagic system

Platelet

HEMATOPOIESIS – blood components development (blood cells and plasma) Hematocytopoiesis: 1. Erythrocytopoiesis 2. Leucocytopoiesis a) granulocytopoiesis b) agranulocytopoiesis 3.Trombocytopoiesis

THEORIES OF HEMATOPOIESIS POLYPHYLETIC THEORY – each mature blood cell type is derived from its own distinct stem cell MONOPHYLETIC THEORY (A.A. Maximov) – there is one stem cell, which can form all the mature blood cells types Multipotential stem cell (CFU-S – colony-forming-unit of spleen)

Scheme of hematopoiesis

Hematopoietic stem cell 1. Originates in the yolk sac 2. Thrives in RBM 3. Similar to small dark lymphocyte 4. Migrating cell 5. Pluripotential cell (gives rise to different cells) 6. Self-supporting cell 7. Rarely dividing cell (Go) 8. Sensitive cell

Differences between embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis Histogenesis of blood Blood physiologic regeneration Extracorporal (extraembryonic) Intracorporal Intravascular Extravascular Occurs in different organs RBM Megaloblastic erythropoiesis mesoblastic Normoblastic

CLASSES OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS I class – polipotent (pluripotent) stem cell II class – hemistem cells for lymphocytopoiesis and myelopoiesis III class – unipotent cell (committed) sensitive to exact hemopoietin (erythropoietin, leykopoietin, thrombopoietin) IV class – blasts (young actively dividing cells) V class – maturing cells VI class – an “adult” mature cells in peripheral blood

Erythropoiesis 1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm) 2 Erythropoiesis 1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm) 2. Ejection (extrusion) of the nucleus 3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm 4. Basophily decrease and acidophily increase

ERYTHROPOIESIS

GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS

GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS 1. Decrease in the cell size 2. Chromatin condensation 3. Changes in nuclear shape (flattening – indentation – lobulation). 4. Accumulation of cytoplasmic granules.

LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS

LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS 1. Begins in red bone marrow and then continues in lymphoid tissue 2. Lifespan varies in different types of lymphocytes 3. Antigenindependent development – in the central hematopoietic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) and antigendependent – in peripheral ones (spleen, lymph nodes and nodules)

MONOCYTOPOIESIS 1. Decrease in cell diameter 2. Decrease in nuclear diameter 3. Cytoplasm basophily decreases 4. Nucleus changes its shape from round to kidney-like

MONOCYTOPOIESIS

Trombocytopoiesis Megakaryocyte