BIOLOGY HONORS: Carbon and Macromolecules

Which of these major elements can make the most bonds? Which of these major elements can make most varied bond arrangements?

Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons The answer is Carbon.

Organic Means carbon based. All living things that we know of are carbon based.

What are the types of VERY large molecules that you know of?? Hint – you get most of them from your food Macromolecules

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Chains of Sugar molecules Used for quick energy Used for support structure within the cell Monosaccharide – single sugar molecule Disaccharide – two sugar molecules Polysaccharide – many sugar molecules –Starch – plants store quick energy in this form –Cellulose - makes up plant cell walls –Glycogen – animals store quick energy in this form

Carbohydrates Sugar - monosaccharide, disaccharide Starch - polysaccharide – Cellulose - polysaccharide Used for quick energy Used for support structure within the cell

Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose

Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers Dehydration Synthesis Or Condensation Reaction Hydrolysis

Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures

Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures

Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls

Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha

Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow

Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread

Lipids Fats Oils Waxes Long term energy storage Insulation Protective Coatings Steroids

Triglycerides –Made of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains –Saturated fats – all single bonds –Unsaturated fats – one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain Steroids –Several bonded carbon rings Types of Lipids

Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid

Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments

Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid

Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones

Proteins Made of amino acids –Called polypeptides Muscular contraction Structural Support Enzymes Transport (hemoglobin) Antibodies Hormones

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein

Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins

Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein

Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein

Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides Stores the genetic information of the organism – DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Involved in the formation of proteins - RNA Ribonucleic acid

Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin

Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick