CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES 2-3 1

CARBOHYDRATES 2

I. CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE A. Composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), & Oxygen (O). B. Have a 1 : 2 : 1 Ratio of: 1 Atom of Carbon 2 Atoms of Hydrogen 1 Atom of Oxygen 3

4 II. FUNCTION A. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. B. The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities. C. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

III. MONOMERS OF CARBS A. Monosaccharides = the monomers for carbohydrates Saccharide = sugar. mono = means 1. The most common monosaccharide is Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 5

6 IV. OTHER SIMPLE SUGARS A. Besides glucose, other monosaccharides include: Galactose –sugar in milk Fructose - found in many fruits. B. Disaccharides include table sugar (sucrose) compound made by joining glucose and fructose together.

7 V. POLYMER FOR CARBOHYDRATES A. Monosaccharides join together to form polysaccharides.

8 VI. VI. STORED SUGARS IN ANIMALS A. Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen. B. When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is then released into the blood. C. The glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction.

9 VII. STORED SUGAR IN PLANTS A. Plants use a slightly different polysaccharide, called starch, to store excess sugar. B. Cellulose = gives plants strength and rigidity.

A QUESTION OF KNOWING Put the following in order of size (smallest to largest): disaccharides polysaccharides monosaccharides 10

ANSWER Monosaccharides, disaccharides and then polysaccharides 11

LIPIDS 12

I. PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS A. Structure- also made up of C, H, and O. Not a 1:2:1 ratio like Carbohydrates. (They have less oxygen) Monomers = fatty acids and glycerol Polymer = lipid B. Insoluble in water Less dense than water (they float) C. Produce 2X the amount of energy per gram than carbohydrates 13

II. TYPES OF LIPIDS There are 3 types of lipids: –Fats –Oils –Waxes 14

III. FATS A. Fat is stored under the skin of mammals B. It provides cushioning for the body C. Helps to slow heat loss from the body D. Fats help store energy for long periods of time of time 15

IV. OILS A. Examples: Peanut oil Corn Oil Sunflower oil B. Plants store oils in their seeds 16

V. WAXES/STEROIDS A. Waxes –Many plants have leaves and fruits with wax coatings to help prevent water loss. –Some animals also have wax-coated fur or feathers to repel water. B. Steroids - consists of four fused ring-like structures. –include cholesterol, sex hormones (progesterone, estrogen and testosterone) 17

A QUESTION OF KNOWING What are the three types of lipids? 18

ANSWER Fats, oils and waxes hUrc4BnPgg&list=PLP44pGfwQFbBoa 9xqAH6i0YWMoGYDQrKi hUrc4BnPgg&list=PLP44pGfwQFbBoa 9xqAH6i0YWMoGYDQrKi 19

20 A. Fatty acids= Long chains of carbon and hydrogen B. Saturated fats = all carbon to carbon bonds in a fatty acid are single bonds C. Unsaturated Fats = one or more pairs of carbon atoms in the fatty acid molecules join together by a double bond (forms a kink in the carbon chain).

A QUESTION OF KNOWING Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have kinks (double bonded carbons)? 21

ANSWER Unsaturated fatty acids have some double bonded carbons that form kinks in the carbon chain 22

VII. CELL MEMBRANES A. Fatty acids join with phosphates to make phospholipids B. Phospholipids form membranes in cells! 23

24 Examples of Fats and Oils Cholesterol can play huge role in amount of buildup and hardening of the arteries. This can lead to heart disease! It has been found that saturated fats, like meat, and butter tend to raise cholesterol produced in body Cholesterol is an essential compound, found in animal tissue.

NUCLEIC ACIDS GENETIC MATERIAL - HEREDITY 25

I. FUNCTION AND COMPOSITION A. Function -Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. B. Composition -contain H, O, N, C, and P. C. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. 26

27 II. NUCLEOTIDES Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group (–PO 4 ), and a nitrogenous base. Example- adenosine triphosphate (ATP), play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy.

28 III. 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS A. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA contains the sugar ribose and DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

IV. DNA A. DNA is the hereditary material that is passed on from generation to generation. B. DNA is the fundamental living block of all living things. 29

V. DNA SHAPE The shape of a DNA molecule resembles the shape of a ladder, with two sides connecting to each other by rungs. Each side of the DNA molecule is a chain of nucleotides. The entire molecule is coiled in a shape called a double helix. 30

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VI. FUNCTION OF DNA A. The sequence of bases acts as a code that determines what proteins will be made in the cell. B. In turn, the proteins determine the nature and activities of the cell. 32

PROTEINS 33

Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called Amino Acids (monomers). I. Structure

II. PROTEIN FUNCTIONS Proteins perform many varied functions: controlling the rate of reactions and regulating cell processes (act as enzymes) forming cellular structures transporting substances into or out of cells and helping to fight disease. 35

Proteins are found in structural parts of cells and body tissues. Examples: Enzymes Hormones Antibodies muscles bones cartilage

37 IV. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION More than 20 different amino acids are found In nature. This variety results in proteins being among the most diverse macromolecules.

38 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Proteins have four levels of structure.

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Enzymes