Political Change and Turmoil Political Leaders Quiet Revolution FLQ Official Languages Act October Crisis

Pearson VS Diefenbaker PearsonDiefenbaker Appealed to younger, urban voters, especially in Central Canada Wanted Canada to sever British connections and create an identity meaningful to all Canadians- both French and English Introduced trial abolition of the death penalty and easier divorce laws Introduced Canada's flag 1965 Nationalist-wanted to preserve British heritage and stand up to American influence Helped create the Bill of Rights 1 st Prime Minister to include women in his cabinet and appoint an Aboriginal senator Gave Aboriginals on reserves the right to vote Unpopular with French Canadians due to belief that all Canadians are equal

The Flag Debate Many Canadians saw the old flag as too British for modern Canada Led to a debate in Canada -English Canadians wanted to keep the Red Ensign -French Canadians wanted a new flag Feb the new flag was raised on Parliament - While English Canadians regaurd the flag with pride, French Canadians continue to fly primarily the Fleur-de- lys

Then and Now

Social Welfare in Canada 1966 Pearson expanded Social Welfare programs in Canada The Canada Pension Plan -Improved upon existing pension plans The Canada Assistance Plan -To help the provinces finance social assistance programs for people in need Medical Care Act - Introduced universal health care

Trudeau: A National Celebrity A relaxed and charismatic French Canadian who appealed to the young Strong federalist Drove sports cars, dated models, went to nigh clubs, very popular with women Seen as a rock star -Crowds swarmed his appearances

Trudeau: Just Society Though Canada should be a just society for all Canadians Believed that government had a duty to protect the rights and freedoms of people and to foster their economic and social well being Did not believe that government had the right to interfere with civil liberties

Jean Lesage 1960 Liberal who came to power in Quebec after Duplessis death Announced it was a Time for Change and wanted to end government corruption -Contracts and jobs now awarded based on merit not connection -Wages and pensions increased -Removed restrictions on trade unions

Quiet Revolution A wave of change in which the Quebec government modernized the economy, politics, education, and culture People were encouraged to think for themselves which led to a decline in the influence of the Catholic Church Expanded social services and education -Students were now required to take more sciences and technology courses

The Birth of Separatism Quebec nationalism and separatism born in the 1960s/70s Resented English Canadian dominance in Canada -The national capital was mostly English speaking -wanted more French speaking politicians in the cabinet -French schools and hospitals should be available outside of Quebec -French shouldn’t be expected to speak English in stores and work

Parti Quebecois PQ Broke away from the Liberals Led by Rene Levesque Supported Separation Believed that Canada and Quebec should divorce peacefully than to continue a marriage of two cultures that seemed unworkable

Front de Liberation du Quebec FLQ terrorist group fighting for an independent country of Quebec Blew up mailboxes and attacked symbols of English Canadian power in Quebec Resorted to kidnapping and bombings

Bi and Bi Commission Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism -To investigate solutions to help French Canadians feel more a part of a united Canada Recommended that Canada become bilingual with both French and English as the official languages of Canada and adopt strategies to protect language minorities

Official Languages Act Official Languages Act (1969), federal statute that declares French and English to be the official languages of Canada, All federal institutions must provide their services in English or French at the customer's choice. Both languages taught in schools across the country

Official Languages Act Faced mixed reviews Some Western Canadians feltSome French Canadians -French was being forced upon them - Ottawa was being controlled by Quebec while the Western provinces were being ignored Wanted special status for Quebec in which it did not have to include English Trudeau insisted Quebec be treated like any other province

October Crisis: Kidnapping Oct 1970 members of the FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross -demanded the release of FLQ members serving prison sentences and a public reading of the FLQ manifesto -Quebec Premier agreed to all term but the release of prisoners, so the FLQ kidnapped Quebec Labour minister Pierre Laporte

October Crisis: Trudeau Fights Back In response, Trudeau imposed the War Measures Act -First time it was used in peace time -Suspended Canadians civil rights so anyone could be arrested and detained without being charged Outlawed the FLQ Trudeau “Just Watch Me”

On Oct 16 federal troops patrolled the streets of Ottawa and Montreal. Hundreds of pro-separatists were arrested. This hard line approach was uncharacteristic of Trudeau’s government and led to massive protests

End of the October Crisis Oct 17 th 1970 the body of Pierre Laporte was found in the truck of a car His murder increased pressure in the government to crack down on the FLQ James Cross was handed over after 60 days in exchange for safe passage to Cuba -Out of 450 people detained, most were released without charges

Bill 22 Made French the sole language in Quebec to be used in civic administration and services and in the workplace -Done to pacify French separatists after the October Crisis -forced hundreds of thousands of businesses and professionals who were not proficient in French to move out of the province

Bill the Part Quebecois won the provincial election -Wanted to strengthen the French language and fight English influences in Quebec Passed Bill 101 which specified -French was the only official language and all government employees had to work in French -Commercial outdoor signs in French only -Children of immigrants must attend French schools